[v3,9/9] fork: Use __mt_dup() to duplicate maple tree in dup_mmap()

  In dup_mmap(), using __mt_dup() to duplicate the old maple tree and then
directly replacing the entries of VMAs in the new maple tree can result
in better performance. __mt_dup() uses DFS pre-order to duplicate the
maple tree, so it is very efficient. The average time complexity of
duplicating VMAs is reduced from O(n * log(n)) to O(n). The optimization
effect is proportional to the number of VMAs.

As the entire maple tree is duplicated using __mt_dup(), if dup_mmap()
fails, there will be a portion of VMAs that have not been duplicated in
the maple tree. This makes it impossible to unmap all VMAs in exit_mmap().
To solve this problem, undo_dup_mmap() is introduced to handle the failure
of dup_mmap(). I have carefully tested the failure path and so far it
seems there are no issues.

There is a "spawn" in byte-unixbench[1], which can be used to test the
performance of fork(). I modified it slightly to make it work with
different number of VMAs.

Below are the test results. By default, there are 21 VMAs. The first row
shows the number of additional VMAs added on top of the default. The last
two rows show the number of fork() calls per ten seconds. The test results
were obtained with CPU binding to avoid scheduler load balancing that
could cause unstable results. There are still some fluctuations in the
test results, but at least they are better than the original performance.

Increment of VMAs: 0      100     200     400     800     1600    3200    6400
next-20230921:     112326 75469   54529   34619   20750   11355   6115    3183
Apply this:        116505 85971   67121   46080   29722   16665   9050    4805
                   +3.72% +13.92% +23.09% +33.11% +43.24% +46.76% +48.00% +50.96%

[1] https://github.com/kdlucas/byte-unixbench/tree/master

Signed-off-by: Peng Zhang <zhangpeng.00@bytedance.com>
---
 include/linux/mm.h |  1 +
 kernel/fork.c      | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++----------
 mm/internal.h      |  3 ++-
 mm/memory.c        |  7 ++++---
 mm/mmap.c          | 52 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 5 files changed, 80 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)
  

* Peng Zhang <zhangpeng.00@bytedance.com> [230924 23:58]:
> In dup_mmap(), using __mt_dup() to duplicate the old maple tree and then
> directly replacing the entries of VMAs in the new maple tree can result
> in better performance. __mt_dup() uses DFS pre-order to duplicate the
> maple tree, so it is very efficient. The average time complexity of
> duplicating VMAs is reduced from O(n * log(n)) to O(n). The optimization
> effect is proportional to the number of VMAs.

I am not confident in the big O calculations here.  Although the addition
of the tree is reduced, adding a VMA still needs to create the nodes
above it - which are a function of n.  How did you get O(n * log(n)) for
the existing fork?

I would think your new algorithm is n * log(n/16), while the
previous was n * log(n/16) * f(n).  Where f(n) would be something
to do with the decision to split/rebalance in bulk insert mode.

It's certainly a better algorithm to duplicate trees, but I don't think
it is O(n).  Can you please explain?

> 
> As the entire maple tree is duplicated using __mt_dup(), if dup_mmap()
> fails, there will be a portion of VMAs that have not been duplicated in
> the maple tree. This makes it impossible to unmap all VMAs in exit_mmap().
> To solve this problem, undo_dup_mmap() is introduced to handle the failure
> of dup_mmap(). I have carefully tested the failure path and so far it
> seems there are no issues.
> 
> There is a "spawn" in byte-unixbench[1], which can be used to test the
> performance of fork(). I modified it slightly to make it work with
> different number of VMAs.
> 
> Below are the test results. By default, there are 21 VMAs. The first row
> shows the number of additional VMAs added on top of the default. The last
> two rows show the number of fork() calls per ten seconds. The test results
> were obtained with CPU binding to avoid scheduler load balancing that
> could cause unstable results. There are still some fluctuations in the
> test results, but at least they are better than the original performance.
> 
> Increment of VMAs: 0      100     200     400     800     1600    3200    6400
> next-20230921:     112326 75469   54529   34619   20750   11355   6115    3183
> Apply this:        116505 85971   67121   46080   29722   16665   9050    4805
>                    +3.72% +13.92% +23.09% +33.11% +43.24% +46.76% +48.00% +50.96%
> 
> [1] https://github.com/kdlucas/byte-unixbench/tree/master
> 
> Signed-off-by: Peng Zhang <zhangpeng.00@bytedance.com>
> ---
>  include/linux/mm.h |  1 +
>  kernel/fork.c      | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++----------
>  mm/internal.h      |  3 ++-
>  mm/memory.c        |  7 ++++---
>  mm/mmap.c          | 52 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
>  5 files changed, 80 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)
> 
> diff --git a/include/linux/mm.h b/include/linux/mm.h
> index 1f1d0d6b8f20..10c59dc7ffaa 100644
> --- a/include/linux/mm.h
> +++ b/include/linux/mm.h
> @@ -3242,6 +3242,7 @@ extern void unlink_file_vma(struct vm_area_struct *);
>  extern struct vm_area_struct *copy_vma(struct vm_area_struct **,
>  	unsigned long addr, unsigned long len, pgoff_t pgoff,
>  	bool *need_rmap_locks);
> +extern void undo_dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma_end);
>  extern void exit_mmap(struct mm_struct *);
>  
>  static inline int check_data_rlimit(unsigned long rlim,
> diff --git a/kernel/fork.c b/kernel/fork.c
> index 7ae36c2e7290..2f3d83e89fe6 100644
> --- a/kernel/fork.c
> +++ b/kernel/fork.c
> @@ -650,7 +650,6 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
>  	int retval;
>  	unsigned long charge = 0;
>  	LIST_HEAD(uf);
> -	VMA_ITERATOR(old_vmi, oldmm, 0);
>  	VMA_ITERATOR(vmi, mm, 0);
>  
>  	uprobe_start_dup_mmap();
> @@ -678,16 +677,25 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
>  		goto out;
>  	khugepaged_fork(mm, oldmm);
>  
> -	retval = vma_iter_bulk_alloc(&vmi, oldmm->map_count);
> -	if (retval)
> +	/* Use __mt_dup() to efficiently build an identical maple tree. */
> +	retval = __mt_dup(&oldmm->mm_mt, &mm->mm_mt, GFP_KERNEL);
> +	if (unlikely(retval))
>  		goto out;
>  
>  	mt_clear_in_rcu(vmi.mas.tree);
> -	for_each_vma(old_vmi, mpnt) {
> +	for_each_vma(vmi, mpnt) {
>  		struct file *file;
>  
>  		vma_start_write(mpnt);
>  		if (mpnt->vm_flags & VM_DONTCOPY) {
> +			mas_store_gfp(&vmi.mas, NULL, GFP_KERNEL);
> +
> +			/* If failed, undo all completed duplications. */
> +			if (unlikely(mas_is_err(&vmi.mas))) {
> +				retval = xa_err(vmi.mas.node);
> +				goto loop_out;
> +			}
> +
>  			vm_stat_account(mm, mpnt->vm_flags, -vma_pages(mpnt));
>  			continue;
>  		}
> @@ -749,9 +757,11 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
>  		if (is_vm_hugetlb_page(tmp))
>  			hugetlb_dup_vma_private(tmp);
>  
> -		/* Link the vma into the MT */
> -		if (vma_iter_bulk_store(&vmi, tmp))
> -			goto fail_nomem_vmi_store;
> +		/*
> +		 * Link the vma into the MT. After using __mt_dup(), memory
> +		 * allocation is not necessary here, so it cannot fail.
> +		 */
> +		mas_store(&vmi.mas, tmp);
>  
>  		mm->map_count++;
>  		if (!(tmp->vm_flags & VM_WIPEONFORK))
> @@ -760,15 +770,19 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
>  		if (tmp->vm_ops && tmp->vm_ops->open)
>  			tmp->vm_ops->open(tmp);
>  
> -		if (retval)
> +		if (retval) {
> +			mpnt = vma_next(&vmi);
>  			goto loop_out;
> +		}
>  	}
>  	/* a new mm has just been created */
>  	retval = arch_dup_mmap(oldmm, mm);
>  loop_out:
>  	vma_iter_free(&vmi);
> -	if (!retval)
> +	if (likely(!retval))
>  		mt_set_in_rcu(vmi.mas.tree);
> +	else
> +		undo_dup_mmap(mm, mpnt);
>  out:
>  	mmap_write_unlock(mm);
>  	flush_tlb_mm(oldmm);
> @@ -778,8 +792,6 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
>  	uprobe_end_dup_mmap();
>  	return retval;
>  
> -fail_nomem_vmi_store:
> -	unlink_anon_vmas(tmp);
>  fail_nomem_anon_vma_fork:
>  	mpol_put(vma_policy(tmp));
>  fail_nomem_policy:
> diff --git a/mm/internal.h b/mm/internal.h
> index 7a961d12b088..288ec81770cb 100644
> --- a/mm/internal.h
> +++ b/mm/internal.h
> @@ -111,7 +111,8 @@ void folio_activate(struct folio *folio);
>  
>  void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
>  		   struct vm_area_struct *start_vma, unsigned long floor,
> -		   unsigned long ceiling, bool mm_wr_locked);
> +		   unsigned long ceiling, unsigned long tree_end,
> +		   bool mm_wr_locked);
>  void pmd_install(struct mm_struct *mm, pmd_t *pmd, pgtable_t *pte);
>  
>  struct zap_details;
> diff --git a/mm/memory.c b/mm/memory.c
> index 983a40f8ee62..1fd66a0d5838 100644
> --- a/mm/memory.c
> +++ b/mm/memory.c
> @@ -362,7 +362,8 @@ void free_pgd_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb,
>  
>  void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
>  		   struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long floor,
> -		   unsigned long ceiling, bool mm_wr_locked)
> +		   unsigned long ceiling, unsigned long tree_end,
> +		   bool mm_wr_locked)
>  {
>  	do {
>  		unsigned long addr = vma->vm_start;
> @@ -372,7 +373,7 @@ void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
>  		 * Note: USER_PGTABLES_CEILING may be passed as ceiling and may
>  		 * be 0.  This will underflow and is okay.
>  		 */
> -		next = mas_find(mas, ceiling - 1);
> +		next = mas_find(mas, tree_end - 1);
>  
>  		/*
>  		 * Hide vma from rmap and truncate_pagecache before freeing
> @@ -393,7 +394,7 @@ void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
>  			while (next && next->vm_start <= vma->vm_end + PMD_SIZE
>  			       && !is_vm_hugetlb_page(next)) {
>  				vma = next;
> -				next = mas_find(mas, ceiling - 1);
> +				next = mas_find(mas, tree_end - 1);
>  				if (mm_wr_locked)
>  					vma_start_write(vma);
>  				unlink_anon_vmas(vma);
> diff --git a/mm/mmap.c b/mm/mmap.c
> index 2ad950f773e4..daed3b423124 100644
> --- a/mm/mmap.c
> +++ b/mm/mmap.c
> @@ -2312,7 +2312,7 @@ static void unmap_region(struct mm_struct *mm, struct ma_state *mas,
>  	mas_set(mas, mt_start);
>  	free_pgtables(&tlb, mas, vma, prev ? prev->vm_end : FIRST_USER_ADDRESS,
>  				 next ? next->vm_start : USER_PGTABLES_CEILING,
> -				 mm_wr_locked);
> +				 tree_end, mm_wr_locked);
>  	tlb_finish_mmu(&tlb);
>  }
>  
> @@ -3178,6 +3178,54 @@ int vm_brk(unsigned long addr, unsigned long len)
>  }
>  EXPORT_SYMBOL(vm_brk);
>  
> +void undo_dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma_end)
> +{
> +	unsigned long tree_end;
> +	VMA_ITERATOR(vmi, mm, 0);
> +	struct vm_area_struct *vma;
> +	unsigned long nr_accounted = 0;
> +	int count = 0;
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * vma_end points to the first VMA that has not been duplicated. We need
> +	 * to unmap all VMAs before it.
> +	 * If vma_end is NULL, it means that all VMAs in the maple tree have
> +	 * been duplicated, so setting tree_end to 0 will overflow to ULONG_MAX
> +	 * when using it.
> +	 */
> +	if (vma_end) {
> +		tree_end = vma_end->vm_start;
> +		if (tree_end == 0)
> +			goto destroy;
> +	} else
> +		tree_end = 0;
> +
> +	vma = mas_find(&vmi.mas, tree_end - 1);
> +
> +	if (vma) {
> +		arch_unmap(mm, vma->vm_start, tree_end);
> +		unmap_region(mm, &vmi.mas, vma, NULL, NULL, 0, tree_end,
> +			     tree_end, true);

next is vma_end, as per your comment above.  Using next = vma_end allows
you to avoid adding another argument to free_pgtables().

> +
> +		mas_set(&vmi.mas, vma->vm_end);
> +		do {
> +			if (vma->vm_flags & VM_ACCOUNT)
> +				nr_accounted += vma_pages(vma);
> +			remove_vma(vma, true);
> +			count++;
> +			cond_resched();
> +			vma = mas_find(&vmi.mas, tree_end - 1);
> +		} while (vma != NULL);
> +
> +		BUG_ON(count != mm->map_count);
> +
> +		vm_unacct_memory(nr_accounted);
> +	}
> +
> +destroy:
> +	__mt_destroy(&mm->mm_mt);
> +}
> +
>  /* Release all mmaps. */
>  void exit_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm)
>  {
> @@ -3217,7 +3265,7 @@ void exit_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm)
>  	mt_clear_in_rcu(&mm->mm_mt);
>  	mas_set(&mas, vma->vm_end);
>  	free_pgtables(&tlb, &mas, vma, FIRST_USER_ADDRESS,
> -		      USER_PGTABLES_CEILING, true);
> +		      USER_PGTABLES_CEILING, USER_PGTABLES_CEILING, true);
>  	tlb_finish_mmu(&tlb);
>  
>  	/*
> -- 
> 2.20.1
>
  

在 2023/10/4 02:46, Liam R. Howlett 写道:
> * Peng Zhang <zhangpeng.00@bytedance.com> [230924 23:58]:
>> In dup_mmap(), using __mt_dup() to duplicate the old maple tree and then
>> directly replacing the entries of VMAs in the new maple tree can result
>> in better performance. __mt_dup() uses DFS pre-order to duplicate the
>> maple tree, so it is very efficient. The average time complexity of
>> duplicating VMAs is reduced from O(n * log(n)) to O(n). The optimization
>> effect is proportional to the number of VMAs.
> 
> I am not confident in the big O calculations here.  Although the addition
> of the tree is reduced, adding a VMA still needs to create the nodes
> above it - which are a function of n.  How did you get O(n * log(n)) for
> the existing fork?
> 
> I would think your new algorithm is n * log(n/16), while the
> previous was n * log(n/16) * f(n).  Where f(n) would be something
> to do with the decision to split/rebalance in bulk insert mode.
> 
> It's certainly a better algorithm to duplicate trees, but I don't think
> it is O(n).  Can you please explain?

The following is a non-professional analysis of the algorithm.

Let's first analyze the average time complexity of the new algorithm, as
it is relatively easy to analyze. The maximum number of branches for
internal nodes in a maple tree in allocation mode is 10. However, to
simplify the analysis, we will not consider this case and assume that
all nodes have a maximum of 16 branches.

The new algorithm assumes that there is no case where a VMA with the
VM_DONTCOPY flag is deleted. If such a case exists, this analysis cannot
be applied.

The operations of the new algorithm consist of three parts:

1. DFS traversal of each node in the source tree
2. For each node in the source tree, create a copy and construct a new
    node
3. Traverse the new tree using mas_find() and replace each element

If there are a total of n elements in the maple tree, we can conclude
that there are n/16 leaf nodes. Regarding the second-to-last level, we
can conclude that there are n/16^2 nodes. The total number of nodes in
the entire tree is given by the sum of n/16 + n/16^2 + n/16^3 + ... + 1.
This is a geometric progression with a total of log base 16 of n terms.
According to the formula for the sum of a geometric progression, the sum
is (n-1)/15. So, this tree has a total of (n-1)/15 nodes and
(n-1)/15 - 1 edges.

For the operations in the first part of this algorithm, since DFS
traverses each edge twice, the time complexity would be
2*((n-1)/15 - 1).

For the second part, each operation involves copying a node and making
necessary modifications. Therefore, the time complexity is
16*(n-1)/15.

For the third part, we use mas_find() to traverse and replace each
element, which is essentially similar to the combination of the first
and second parts. mas_find() traverses all nodes and within each node,
it iterates over all elements and performs replacements. The time
complexity of traversing the nodes is 2*((n-1)/15 - 1), and for all
nodes, the time complexity of replacing all their elements is
16*(n-1)/15.

By ignoring all constant factors, each of the three parts of the
algorithm has a time complexity of O(n). Therefore, this new algorithm
is O(n).

The exact time complexity of the old algorithm is difficult to analyze.
I can only provide an upper bound estimation. There are two possible
scenarios for each insertion:

1. Appending at the end of a node.
2. Splitting nodes multiple times.

For the first scenario, the individual operation has a time complexity
of O(1). As for the second scenario, it involves node splitting. The
challenge lies in determining which insertions trigger splits and how
many splits occur each time, which is difficult to calculate. In the
worst-case scenario, each insertion requires splitting the tree's height
log(n) times. Assuming every insertion is in the worst-case scenario,
the time complexity would be n*log(n). However, not every insertion
requires splitting, and the number of splits each time may not
necessarily be log(n). Therefore, this is an estimation of the upper
bound.
> 
>>
>> As the entire maple tree is duplicated using __mt_dup(), if dup_mmap()
>> fails, there will be a portion of VMAs that have not been duplicated in
>> the maple tree. This makes it impossible to unmap all VMAs in exit_mmap().
>> To solve this problem, undo_dup_mmap() is introduced to handle the failure
>> of dup_mmap(). I have carefully tested the failure path and so far it
>> seems there are no issues.
>>
>> There is a "spawn" in byte-unixbench[1], which can be used to test the
>> performance of fork(). I modified it slightly to make it work with
>> different number of VMAs.
>>
>> Below are the test results. By default, there are 21 VMAs. The first row
>> shows the number of additional VMAs added on top of the default. The last
>> two rows show the number of fork() calls per ten seconds. The test results
>> were obtained with CPU binding to avoid scheduler load balancing that
>> could cause unstable results. There are still some fluctuations in the
>> test results, but at least they are better than the original performance.
>>
>> Increment of VMAs: 0      100     200     400     800     1600    3200    6400
>> next-20230921:     112326 75469   54529   34619   20750   11355   6115    3183
>> Apply this:        116505 85971   67121   46080   29722   16665   9050    4805
>>                     +3.72% +13.92% +23.09% +33.11% +43.24% +46.76% +48.00% +50.96%
>>
>> [1] https://github.com/kdlucas/byte-unixbench/tree/master
>>
>> Signed-off-by: Peng Zhang <zhangpeng.00@bytedance.com>
>> ---
>>   include/linux/mm.h |  1 +
>>   kernel/fork.c      | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++----------
>>   mm/internal.h      |  3 ++-
>>   mm/memory.c        |  7 ++++---
>>   mm/mmap.c          | 52 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
>>   5 files changed, 80 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)
>>
>> diff --git a/include/linux/mm.h b/include/linux/mm.h
>> index 1f1d0d6b8f20..10c59dc7ffaa 100644
>> --- a/include/linux/mm.h
>> +++ b/include/linux/mm.h
>> @@ -3242,6 +3242,7 @@ extern void unlink_file_vma(struct vm_area_struct *);
>>   extern struct vm_area_struct *copy_vma(struct vm_area_struct **,
>>   	unsigned long addr, unsigned long len, pgoff_t pgoff,
>>   	bool *need_rmap_locks);
>> +extern void undo_dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma_end);
>>   extern void exit_mmap(struct mm_struct *);
>>   
>>   static inline int check_data_rlimit(unsigned long rlim,
>> diff --git a/kernel/fork.c b/kernel/fork.c
>> index 7ae36c2e7290..2f3d83e89fe6 100644
>> --- a/kernel/fork.c
>> +++ b/kernel/fork.c
>> @@ -650,7 +650,6 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
>>   	int retval;
>>   	unsigned long charge = 0;
>>   	LIST_HEAD(uf);
>> -	VMA_ITERATOR(old_vmi, oldmm, 0);
>>   	VMA_ITERATOR(vmi, mm, 0);
>>   
>>   	uprobe_start_dup_mmap();
>> @@ -678,16 +677,25 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
>>   		goto out;
>>   	khugepaged_fork(mm, oldmm);
>>   
>> -	retval = vma_iter_bulk_alloc(&vmi, oldmm->map_count);
>> -	if (retval)
>> +	/* Use __mt_dup() to efficiently build an identical maple tree. */
>> +	retval = __mt_dup(&oldmm->mm_mt, &mm->mm_mt, GFP_KERNEL);
>> +	if (unlikely(retval))
>>   		goto out;
>>   
>>   	mt_clear_in_rcu(vmi.mas.tree);
>> -	for_each_vma(old_vmi, mpnt) {
>> +	for_each_vma(vmi, mpnt) {
>>   		struct file *file;
>>   
>>   		vma_start_write(mpnt);
>>   		if (mpnt->vm_flags & VM_DONTCOPY) {
>> +			mas_store_gfp(&vmi.mas, NULL, GFP_KERNEL);
>> +
>> +			/* If failed, undo all completed duplications. */
>> +			if (unlikely(mas_is_err(&vmi.mas))) {
>> +				retval = xa_err(vmi.mas.node);
>> +				goto loop_out;
>> +			}
>> +
>>   			vm_stat_account(mm, mpnt->vm_flags, -vma_pages(mpnt));
>>   			continue;
>>   		}
>> @@ -749,9 +757,11 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
>>   		if (is_vm_hugetlb_page(tmp))
>>   			hugetlb_dup_vma_private(tmp);
>>   
>> -		/* Link the vma into the MT */
>> -		if (vma_iter_bulk_store(&vmi, tmp))
>> -			goto fail_nomem_vmi_store;
>> +		/*
>> +		 * Link the vma into the MT. After using __mt_dup(), memory
>> +		 * allocation is not necessary here, so it cannot fail.
>> +		 */
>> +		mas_store(&vmi.mas, tmp);
>>   
>>   		mm->map_count++;
>>   		if (!(tmp->vm_flags & VM_WIPEONFORK))
>> @@ -760,15 +770,19 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
>>   		if (tmp->vm_ops && tmp->vm_ops->open)
>>   			tmp->vm_ops->open(tmp);
>>   
>> -		if (retval)
>> +		if (retval) {
>> +			mpnt = vma_next(&vmi);
>>   			goto loop_out;
>> +		}
>>   	}
>>   	/* a new mm has just been created */
>>   	retval = arch_dup_mmap(oldmm, mm);
>>   loop_out:
>>   	vma_iter_free(&vmi);
>> -	if (!retval)
>> +	if (likely(!retval))
>>   		mt_set_in_rcu(vmi.mas.tree);
>> +	else
>> +		undo_dup_mmap(mm, mpnt);
>>   out:
>>   	mmap_write_unlock(mm);
>>   	flush_tlb_mm(oldmm);
>> @@ -778,8 +792,6 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
>>   	uprobe_end_dup_mmap();
>>   	return retval;
>>   
>> -fail_nomem_vmi_store:
>> -	unlink_anon_vmas(tmp);
>>   fail_nomem_anon_vma_fork:
>>   	mpol_put(vma_policy(tmp));
>>   fail_nomem_policy:
>> diff --git a/mm/internal.h b/mm/internal.h
>> index 7a961d12b088..288ec81770cb 100644
>> --- a/mm/internal.h
>> +++ b/mm/internal.h
>> @@ -111,7 +111,8 @@ void folio_activate(struct folio *folio);
>>   
>>   void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
>>   		   struct vm_area_struct *start_vma, unsigned long floor,
>> -		   unsigned long ceiling, bool mm_wr_locked);
>> +		   unsigned long ceiling, unsigned long tree_end,
>> +		   bool mm_wr_locked);
>>   void pmd_install(struct mm_struct *mm, pmd_t *pmd, pgtable_t *pte);
>>   
>>   struct zap_details;
>> diff --git a/mm/memory.c b/mm/memory.c
>> index 983a40f8ee62..1fd66a0d5838 100644
>> --- a/mm/memory.c
>> +++ b/mm/memory.c
>> @@ -362,7 +362,8 @@ void free_pgd_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb,
>>   
>>   void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
>>   		   struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long floor,
>> -		   unsigned long ceiling, bool mm_wr_locked)
>> +		   unsigned long ceiling, unsigned long tree_end,
>> +		   bool mm_wr_locked)
>>   {
>>   	do {
>>   		unsigned long addr = vma->vm_start;
>> @@ -372,7 +373,7 @@ void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
>>   		 * Note: USER_PGTABLES_CEILING may be passed as ceiling and may
>>   		 * be 0.  This will underflow and is okay.
>>   		 */
>> -		next = mas_find(mas, ceiling - 1);
>> +		next = mas_find(mas, tree_end - 1);
>>   
>>   		/*
>>   		 * Hide vma from rmap and truncate_pagecache before freeing
>> @@ -393,7 +394,7 @@ void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
>>   			while (next && next->vm_start <= vma->vm_end + PMD_SIZE
>>   			       && !is_vm_hugetlb_page(next)) {
>>   				vma = next;
>> -				next = mas_find(mas, ceiling - 1);
>> +				next = mas_find(mas, tree_end - 1);
>>   				if (mm_wr_locked)
>>   					vma_start_write(vma);
>>   				unlink_anon_vmas(vma);
>> diff --git a/mm/mmap.c b/mm/mmap.c
>> index 2ad950f773e4..daed3b423124 100644
>> --- a/mm/mmap.c
>> +++ b/mm/mmap.c
>> @@ -2312,7 +2312,7 @@ static void unmap_region(struct mm_struct *mm, struct ma_state *mas,
>>   	mas_set(mas, mt_start);
>>   	free_pgtables(&tlb, mas, vma, prev ? prev->vm_end : FIRST_USER_ADDRESS,
>>   				 next ? next->vm_start : USER_PGTABLES_CEILING,
>> -				 mm_wr_locked);
>> +				 tree_end, mm_wr_locked);
>>   	tlb_finish_mmu(&tlb);
>>   }
>>   
>> @@ -3178,6 +3178,54 @@ int vm_brk(unsigned long addr, unsigned long len)
>>   }
>>   EXPORT_SYMBOL(vm_brk);
>>   
>> +void undo_dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma_end)
>> +{
>> +	unsigned long tree_end;
>> +	VMA_ITERATOR(vmi, mm, 0);
>> +	struct vm_area_struct *vma;
>> +	unsigned long nr_accounted = 0;
>> +	int count = 0;
>> +
>> +	/*
>> +	 * vma_end points to the first VMA that has not been duplicated. We need
>> +	 * to unmap all VMAs before it.
>> +	 * If vma_end is NULL, it means that all VMAs in the maple tree have
>> +	 * been duplicated, so setting tree_end to 0 will overflow to ULONG_MAX
>> +	 * when using it.
>> +	 */
>> +	if (vma_end) {
>> +		tree_end = vma_end->vm_start;
>> +		if (tree_end == 0)
>> +			goto destroy;
>> +	} else
>> +		tree_end = 0;
>> +
>> +	vma = mas_find(&vmi.mas, tree_end - 1);
>> +
>> +	if (vma) {
>> +		arch_unmap(mm, vma->vm_start, tree_end);
>> +		unmap_region(mm, &vmi.mas, vma, NULL, NULL, 0, tree_end,
>> +			     tree_end, true);
> 
> next is vma_end, as per your comment above.  Using next = vma_end allows
> you to avoid adding another argument to free_pgtables().
Unfortunately, it cannot be done this way. I fell into this trap before,
and it caused incomplete page table cleanup. To solve this problem, the
only solution I can think of right now is to add an additional
parameter.

free_pgtables() will be called in unmap_region() to free the page table,
like this:

free_pgtables(&tlb, mas, vma, prev ? prev->vm_end : FIRST_USER_ADDRESS,
		next ? next->vm_start : USER_PGTABLES_CEILING,
		mm_wr_locked);

The problem is with 'next'. Our 'vma_end' does not exist in the actual
mmap because it has not been duplicated and cannot be used as 'next'.
If there is a real 'next', we can use 'next->vm_start' as the ceiling,
which is not a problem. If there is no 'next' (next is 'vma_end'), we
can only use 'USER_PGTABLES_CEILING' as the ceiling. Using
'vma_end->vm_start' as the ceiling will cause the page table not to be
fully freed, which may be related to alignment in 'free_pgd_range()'. To
solve this problem, we have to introduce 'tree_end', and separating
'tree_end' and 'ceiling' can solve this problem.

> 
>> +
>> +		mas_set(&vmi.mas, vma->vm_end);
>> +		do {
>> +			if (vma->vm_flags & VM_ACCOUNT)
>> +				nr_accounted += vma_pages(vma);
>> +			remove_vma(vma, true);
>> +			count++;
>> +			cond_resched();
>> +			vma = mas_find(&vmi.mas, tree_end - 1);
>> +		} while (vma != NULL);
>> +
>> +		BUG_ON(count != mm->map_count);
>> +
>> +		vm_unacct_memory(nr_accounted);
>> +	}
>> +
>> +destroy:
>> +	__mt_destroy(&mm->mm_mt);
>> +}
>> +
>>   /* Release all mmaps. */
>>   void exit_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm)
>>   {
>> @@ -3217,7 +3265,7 @@ void exit_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm)
>>   	mt_clear_in_rcu(&mm->mm_mt);
>>   	mas_set(&mas, vma->vm_end);
>>   	free_pgtables(&tlb, &mas, vma, FIRST_USER_ADDRESS,
>> -		      USER_PGTABLES_CEILING, true);
>> +		      USER_PGTABLES_CEILING, USER_PGTABLES_CEILING, true);
>>   	tlb_finish_mmu(&tlb);
>>   
>>   	/*
>> -- 
>> 2.20.1
>>
>
  

* Peng Zhang <zhangpeng.00@bytedance.com> [231004 05:10]:
> 
> 
> 在 2023/10/4 02:46, Liam R. Howlett 写道:
> > * Peng Zhang <zhangpeng.00@bytedance.com> [230924 23:58]:
> > > In dup_mmap(), using __mt_dup() to duplicate the old maple tree and then
> > > directly replacing the entries of VMAs in the new maple tree can result
> > > in better performance. __mt_dup() uses DFS pre-order to duplicate the
> > > maple tree, so it is very efficient. The average time complexity of
> > > duplicating VMAs is reduced from O(n * log(n)) to O(n). The optimization
> > > effect is proportional to the number of VMAs.
> > 
> > I am not confident in the big O calculations here.  Although the addition
> > of the tree is reduced, adding a VMA still needs to create the nodes
> > above it - which are a function of n.  How did you get O(n * log(n)) for
> > the existing fork?
> > 
> > I would think your new algorithm is n * log(n/16), while the
> > previous was n * log(n/16) * f(n).  Where f(n) would be something
> > to do with the decision to split/rebalance in bulk insert mode.
> > 
> > It's certainly a better algorithm to duplicate trees, but I don't think
> > it is O(n).  Can you please explain?
> 
> The following is a non-professional analysis of the algorithm.
> 
> Let's first analyze the average time complexity of the new algorithm, as
> it is relatively easy to analyze. The maximum number of branches for
> internal nodes in a maple tree in allocation mode is 10. However, to
> simplify the analysis, we will not consider this case and assume that
> all nodes have a maximum of 16 branches.
> 
> The new algorithm assumes that there is no case where a VMA with the
> VM_DONTCOPY flag is deleted. If such a case exists, this analysis cannot
> be applied.
> 
> The operations of the new algorithm consist of three parts:
> 
> 1. DFS traversal of each node in the source tree
> 2. For each node in the source tree, create a copy and construct a new
>    node
> 3. Traverse the new tree using mas_find() and replace each element
> 
> If there are a total of n elements in the maple tree, we can conclude
> that there are n/16 leaf nodes. Regarding the second-to-last level, we
> can conclude that there are n/16^2 nodes. The total number of nodes in
> the entire tree is given by the sum of n/16 + n/16^2 + n/16^3 + ... + 1.
> This is a geometric progression with a total of log base 16 of n terms.
> According to the formula for the sum of a geometric progression, the sum
> is (n-1)/15. So, this tree has a total of (n-1)/15 nodes and
> (n-1)/15 - 1 edges.
> 
> For the operations in the first part of this algorithm, since DFS
> traverses each edge twice, the time complexity would be
> 2*((n-1)/15 - 1).
> 
> For the second part, each operation involves copying a node and making
> necessary modifications. Therefore, the time complexity is
> 16*(n-1)/15.
> 
> For the third part, we use mas_find() to traverse and replace each
> element, which is essentially similar to the combination of the first
> and second parts. mas_find() traverses all nodes and within each node,
> it iterates over all elements and performs replacements. The time
> complexity of traversing the nodes is 2*((n-1)/15 - 1), and for all
> nodes, the time complexity of replacing all their elements is
> 16*(n-1)/15.
> 
> By ignoring all constant factors, each of the three parts of the
> algorithm has a time complexity of O(n). Therefore, this new algorithm
> is O(n).

Thanks for the detailed analysis!  I didn't mean to cause so much work
with this question.  I wanted to know so that future work could rely on
this calculation to demonstrate if it is worth implementing without
going through the effort of coding and benchmarking - after all, this
commit message will most likely be examined during that process.

I asked because O(n) vs O(n*log(n)) doesn't seem to fit with your
benchmarking.

> 
> The exact time complexity of the old algorithm is difficult to analyze.
> I can only provide an upper bound estimation. There are two possible
> scenarios for each insertion:
> 
> 1. Appending at the end of a node.
> 2. Splitting nodes multiple times.
> 
> For the first scenario, the individual operation has a time complexity
> of O(1). As for the second scenario, it involves node splitting. The
> challenge lies in determining which insertions trigger splits and how
> many splits occur each time, which is difficult to calculate. In the
> worst-case scenario, each insertion requires splitting the tree's height
> log(n) times. Assuming every insertion is in the worst-case scenario,
> the time complexity would be n*log(n). However, not every insertion
> requires splitting, and the number of splits each time may not
> necessarily be log(n). Therefore, this is an estimation of the upper
> bound.

Saying every insert causes a split and adding in n*log(n) is more than
an over estimation.  At worst there is some n + n/16 * log(n) going on
there.

During the building of a tree, we are in bulk insert mode.  This favours
balancing the tree to the left to maximize the number of inserts being
append operations.  The algorithm inserts as many to the left as we can
leaving the minimum number on the right.

We also reduce the number of splits by pushing data to the left whenever
possible, at every level.


> > 
> > > 
> > > As the entire maple tree is duplicated using __mt_dup(), if dup_mmap()
> > > fails, there will be a portion of VMAs that have not been duplicated in
> > > the maple tree. This makes it impossible to unmap all VMAs in exit_mmap().
> > > To solve this problem, undo_dup_mmap() is introduced to handle the failure
> > > of dup_mmap(). I have carefully tested the failure path and so far it
> > > seems there are no issues.
> > > 
> > > There is a "spawn" in byte-unixbench[1], which can be used to test the
> > > performance of fork(). I modified it slightly to make it work with
> > > different number of VMAs.
> > > 
> > > Below are the test results. By default, there are 21 VMAs. The first row
> > > shows the number of additional VMAs added on top of the default. The last
> > > two rows show the number of fork() calls per ten seconds. The test results
> > > were obtained with CPU binding to avoid scheduler load balancing that
> > > could cause unstable results. There are still some fluctuations in the
> > > test results, but at least they are better than the original performance.
> > > 
> > > Increment of VMAs: 0      100     200     400     800     1600    3200    6400
> > > next-20230921:     112326 75469   54529   34619   20750   11355   6115    3183
> > > Apply this:        116505 85971   67121   46080   29722   16665   9050    4805
> > >                     +3.72% +13.92% +23.09% +33.11% +43.24% +46.76% +48.00% +50.96%
             delta       4179   10502   12592   11461    8972    5310   2935    1622

Looking at this data, it is difficult to see what is going on because
there is a doubling of the VMAs per fork per column while the count is
forks per 10 seconds.  So this table is really a logarithmic table with
increases growing by 10%.  Adding the delta row makes it seem like the
number are not growing apart as I would expect.

If we normalize this to VMAs per second by dividing the forks by 10,
then multiplying by the number of VMAs we get this:

VMA Count:           21       121       221       421       821      1621       3221      6421
log(VMA)           1.32      2.00      2.30      2.60      2.90      3.20       3.36      3.81
next-20230921: 258349.8  928268.7 1215996.7 1464383.7 1707725.0 1842916.5  1420514.5 2044440.9
this:          267961.5 1057443.3 1496798.3 1949184.0 2446120.6 2704729.5  2102315.0 3086251.5
delta            9611.7  129174.6  280801.6  484800.3  738395.6  861813.0   681800.5 1041810.6

The first thing that I noticed was that we hit some dip in the numbers
at 3221.  I first thought that might be something else running on the
host machine, but both runs are affected by around the same percent.

Here, we do see the delta growing apart, but peaking in growth around
821 VMAs.  Again that 3221 number is out of line.

If we discard 21 and anything above 1621, we still see both lines are
asymptotic curves.  I would expect that the new algorithm would be more
linear to represent O(n), but there is certainly a curve when graphed
with a normalized X-axis.  The older algorithm, O(n*log(n)) should be
the opposite curve all together, and with a diminishing return, but it
seems the more elements we have, the more operations we can perform in a
second.

Thinking about what is going on here, I cannot come up with a reason
that there would be a curve to the line at all.  If we took more
measurements, I would think the samples would be an ever-increasing line
with variability for some function of 16 - a saw toothed increasing
line. At least, until an upper limit is reached.  We can see that the
upper limit was still not achieved at 1621 since 6421 is higher for both
runs, but a curve is evident on both methods, which suggests something
else is a significant contributor.

I would think each VMA requires the same amount of work, so a constant.
The allocations would again, be some function that would linearly
increase with the existing method over-estimating by a huge number of
nodes.

I'm not trying to nitpick here, but it is important to be accurate in
the statements because it may alter choices on how to proceed in
improving this performance later.  It may be others looking through
these commit messages to see if something can be improved.

I also feel like your notes on your algorithm are worth including in the
commit because it could prove rather valuable if we revisit forking in
the future.

The more I look at this, the more questions I have that I cannot answer.
One thing we can see is that the new method is faster in this
micro-benchmark.

> > > 
> > > [1] https://github.com/kdlucas/byte-unixbench/tree/master
> > > 
> > > Signed-off-by: Peng Zhang <zhangpeng.00@bytedance.com>
> > > ---
> > >   include/linux/mm.h |  1 +
> > >   kernel/fork.c      | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++----------
> > >   mm/internal.h      |  3 ++-
> > >   mm/memory.c        |  7 ++++---
> > >   mm/mmap.c          | 52 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
> > >   5 files changed, 80 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)
> > > 
> > > diff --git a/include/linux/mm.h b/include/linux/mm.h
> > > index 1f1d0d6b8f20..10c59dc7ffaa 100644
> > > --- a/include/linux/mm.h
> > > +++ b/include/linux/mm.h
> > > @@ -3242,6 +3242,7 @@ extern void unlink_file_vma(struct vm_area_struct *);
> > >   extern struct vm_area_struct *copy_vma(struct vm_area_struct **,
> > >   	unsigned long addr, unsigned long len, pgoff_t pgoff,
> > >   	bool *need_rmap_locks);
> > > +extern void undo_dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma_end);
> > >   extern void exit_mmap(struct mm_struct *);
> > >   static inline int check_data_rlimit(unsigned long rlim,
> > > diff --git a/kernel/fork.c b/kernel/fork.c
> > > index 7ae36c2e7290..2f3d83e89fe6 100644
> > > --- a/kernel/fork.c
> > > +++ b/kernel/fork.c
> > > @@ -650,7 +650,6 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
> > >   	int retval;
> > >   	unsigned long charge = 0;
> > >   	LIST_HEAD(uf);
> > > -	VMA_ITERATOR(old_vmi, oldmm, 0);
> > >   	VMA_ITERATOR(vmi, mm, 0);
> > >   	uprobe_start_dup_mmap();
> > > @@ -678,16 +677,25 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
> > >   		goto out;
> > >   	khugepaged_fork(mm, oldmm);
> > > -	retval = vma_iter_bulk_alloc(&vmi, oldmm->map_count);
> > > -	if (retval)
> > > +	/* Use __mt_dup() to efficiently build an identical maple tree. */
> > > +	retval = __mt_dup(&oldmm->mm_mt, &mm->mm_mt, GFP_KERNEL);
> > > +	if (unlikely(retval))
> > >   		goto out;
> > >   	mt_clear_in_rcu(vmi.mas.tree);
> > > -	for_each_vma(old_vmi, mpnt) {
> > > +	for_each_vma(vmi, mpnt) {
> > >   		struct file *file;
> > >   		vma_start_write(mpnt);
> > >   		if (mpnt->vm_flags & VM_DONTCOPY) {
> > > +			mas_store_gfp(&vmi.mas, NULL, GFP_KERNEL);
> > > +
> > > +			/* If failed, undo all completed duplications. */
> > > +			if (unlikely(mas_is_err(&vmi.mas))) {
> > > +				retval = xa_err(vmi.mas.node);
> > > +				goto loop_out;
> > > +			}
> > > +
> > >   			vm_stat_account(mm, mpnt->vm_flags, -vma_pages(mpnt));
> > >   			continue;
> > >   		}
> > > @@ -749,9 +757,11 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
> > >   		if (is_vm_hugetlb_page(tmp))
> > >   			hugetlb_dup_vma_private(tmp);
> > > -		/* Link the vma into the MT */
> > > -		if (vma_iter_bulk_store(&vmi, tmp))
> > > -			goto fail_nomem_vmi_store;
> > > +		/*
> > > +		 * Link the vma into the MT. After using __mt_dup(), memory
> > > +		 * allocation is not necessary here, so it cannot fail.
> > > +		 */
> > > +		mas_store(&vmi.mas, tmp);
> > >   		mm->map_count++;
> > >   		if (!(tmp->vm_flags & VM_WIPEONFORK))
> > > @@ -760,15 +770,19 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
> > >   		if (tmp->vm_ops && tmp->vm_ops->open)
> > >   			tmp->vm_ops->open(tmp);
> > > -		if (retval)
> > > +		if (retval) {
> > > +			mpnt = vma_next(&vmi);
> > >   			goto loop_out;
> > > +		}
> > >   	}
> > >   	/* a new mm has just been created */
> > >   	retval = arch_dup_mmap(oldmm, mm);
> > >   loop_out:
> > >   	vma_iter_free(&vmi);
> > > -	if (!retval)
> > > +	if (likely(!retval))
> > >   		mt_set_in_rcu(vmi.mas.tree);
> > > +	else
> > > +		undo_dup_mmap(mm, mpnt);
> > >   out:
> > >   	mmap_write_unlock(mm);
> > >   	flush_tlb_mm(oldmm);
> > > @@ -778,8 +792,6 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
> > >   	uprobe_end_dup_mmap();
> > >   	return retval;
> > > -fail_nomem_vmi_store:
> > > -	unlink_anon_vmas(tmp);
> > >   fail_nomem_anon_vma_fork:
> > >   	mpol_put(vma_policy(tmp));
> > >   fail_nomem_policy:
> > > diff --git a/mm/internal.h b/mm/internal.h
> > > index 7a961d12b088..288ec81770cb 100644
> > > --- a/mm/internal.h
> > > +++ b/mm/internal.h
> > > @@ -111,7 +111,8 @@ void folio_activate(struct folio *folio);
> > >   void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
> > >   		   struct vm_area_struct *start_vma, unsigned long floor,
> > > -		   unsigned long ceiling, bool mm_wr_locked);
> > > +		   unsigned long ceiling, unsigned long tree_end,
> > > +		   bool mm_wr_locked);
> > >   void pmd_install(struct mm_struct *mm, pmd_t *pmd, pgtable_t *pte);
> > >   struct zap_details;
> > > diff --git a/mm/memory.c b/mm/memory.c
> > > index 983a40f8ee62..1fd66a0d5838 100644
> > > --- a/mm/memory.c
> > > +++ b/mm/memory.c
> > > @@ -362,7 +362,8 @@ void free_pgd_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb,
> > >   void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
> > >   		   struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long floor,
> > > -		   unsigned long ceiling, bool mm_wr_locked)
> > > +		   unsigned long ceiling, unsigned long tree_end,
> > > +		   bool mm_wr_locked)
> > >   {
> > >   	do {
> > >   		unsigned long addr = vma->vm_start;
> > > @@ -372,7 +373,7 @@ void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
> > >   		 * Note: USER_PGTABLES_CEILING may be passed as ceiling and may
> > >   		 * be 0.  This will underflow and is okay.
> > >   		 */
> > > -		next = mas_find(mas, ceiling - 1);
> > > +		next = mas_find(mas, tree_end - 1);
> > >   		/*
> > >   		 * Hide vma from rmap and truncate_pagecache before freeing
> > > @@ -393,7 +394,7 @@ void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
> > >   			while (next && next->vm_start <= vma->vm_end + PMD_SIZE
> > >   			       && !is_vm_hugetlb_page(next)) {
> > >   				vma = next;
> > > -				next = mas_find(mas, ceiling - 1);
> > > +				next = mas_find(mas, tree_end - 1);
> > >   				if (mm_wr_locked)
> > >   					vma_start_write(vma);
> > >   				unlink_anon_vmas(vma);
> > > diff --git a/mm/mmap.c b/mm/mmap.c
> > > index 2ad950f773e4..daed3b423124 100644
> > > --- a/mm/mmap.c
> > > +++ b/mm/mmap.c
> > > @@ -2312,7 +2312,7 @@ static void unmap_region(struct mm_struct *mm, struct ma_state *mas,
> > >   	mas_set(mas, mt_start);
> > >   	free_pgtables(&tlb, mas, vma, prev ? prev->vm_end : FIRST_USER_ADDRESS,
> > >   				 next ? next->vm_start : USER_PGTABLES_CEILING,
> > > -				 mm_wr_locked);
> > > +				 tree_end, mm_wr_locked);
> > >   	tlb_finish_mmu(&tlb);
> > >   }
> > > @@ -3178,6 +3178,54 @@ int vm_brk(unsigned long addr, unsigned long len)
> > >   }
> > >   EXPORT_SYMBOL(vm_brk);
> > > +void undo_dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma_end)
> > > +{
> > > +	unsigned long tree_end;
> > > +	VMA_ITERATOR(vmi, mm, 0);
> > > +	struct vm_area_struct *vma;
> > > +	unsigned long nr_accounted = 0;
> > > +	int count = 0;
> > > +
> > > +	/*
> > > +	 * vma_end points to the first VMA that has not been duplicated. We need
> > > +	 * to unmap all VMAs before it.
> > > +	 * If vma_end is NULL, it means that all VMAs in the maple tree have
> > > +	 * been duplicated, so setting tree_end to 0 will overflow to ULONG_MAX
> > > +	 * when using it.
> > > +	 */
> > > +	if (vma_end) {
> > > +		tree_end = vma_end->vm_start;
> > > +		if (tree_end == 0)
> > > +			goto destroy;
> > > +	} else
> > > +		tree_end = 0;
> > > +
> > > +	vma = mas_find(&vmi.mas, tree_end - 1);
> > > +
> > > +	if (vma) {
> > > +		arch_unmap(mm, vma->vm_start, tree_end);
> > > +		unmap_region(mm, &vmi.mas, vma, NULL, NULL, 0, tree_end,
> > > +			     tree_end, true);
> > 
> > next is vma_end, as per your comment above.  Using next = vma_end allows
> > you to avoid adding another argument to free_pgtables().
> Unfortunately, it cannot be done this way. I fell into this trap before,
> and it caused incomplete page table cleanup. To solve this problem, the
> only solution I can think of right now is to add an additional
> parameter.
> 
> free_pgtables() will be called in unmap_region() to free the page table,
> like this:
> 
> free_pgtables(&tlb, mas, vma, prev ? prev->vm_end : FIRST_USER_ADDRESS,
> 		next ? next->vm_start : USER_PGTABLES_CEILING,
> 		mm_wr_locked);
> 
> The problem is with 'next'. Our 'vma_end' does not exist in the actual
> mmap because it has not been duplicated and cannot be used as 'next'.
> If there is a real 'next', we can use 'next->vm_start' as the ceiling,
> which is not a problem. If there is no 'next' (next is 'vma_end'), we
> can only use 'USER_PGTABLES_CEILING' as the ceiling. Using
> 'vma_end->vm_start' as the ceiling will cause the page table not to be
> fully freed, which may be related to alignment in 'free_pgd_range()'. To
> solve this problem, we have to introduce 'tree_end', and separating
> 'tree_end' and 'ceiling' can solve this problem.

Can you just use ceiling?  That is, just not pass in next and keep the
code as-is?  This is how exit_mmap() does it and should avoid any
alignment issues.  I assume you tried that and something went wrong as
well?

> 
> > 
> > > +
> > > +		mas_set(&vmi.mas, vma->vm_end);
> > > +		do {
> > > +			if (vma->vm_flags & VM_ACCOUNT)
> > > +				nr_accounted += vma_pages(vma);
> > > +			remove_vma(vma, true);
> > > +			count++;
> > > +			cond_resched();
> > > +			vma = mas_find(&vmi.mas, tree_end - 1);
> > > +		} while (vma != NULL);
> > > +
> > > +		BUG_ON(count != mm->map_count);
> > > +
> > > +		vm_unacct_memory(nr_accounted);
> > > +	}
> > > +
> > > +destroy:
> > > +	__mt_destroy(&mm->mm_mt);
> > > +}
> > > +
> > >   /* Release all mmaps. */
> > >   void exit_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm)
> > >   {
> > > @@ -3217,7 +3265,7 @@ void exit_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm)
> > >   	mt_clear_in_rcu(&mm->mm_mt);
> > >   	mas_set(&mas, vma->vm_end);
> > >   	free_pgtables(&tlb, &mas, vma, FIRST_USER_ADDRESS,
> > > -		      USER_PGTABLES_CEILING, true);
> > > +		      USER_PGTABLES_CEILING, USER_PGTABLES_CEILING, true);
> > >   	tlb_finish_mmu(&tlb);
> > >   	/*
> > > -- 
> > > 2.20.1
> > > 
> > 
>
  

在 2023/10/5 03:53, Liam R. Howlett 写道:
> * Peng Zhang <zhangpeng.00@bytedance.com> [231004 05:10]:
>>
>>
>> 在 2023/10/4 02:46, Liam R. Howlett 写道:
>>> * Peng Zhang <zhangpeng.00@bytedance.com> [230924 23:58]:
>>>> In dup_mmap(), using __mt_dup() to duplicate the old maple tree and then
>>>> directly replacing the entries of VMAs in the new maple tree can result
>>>> in better performance. __mt_dup() uses DFS pre-order to duplicate the
>>>> maple tree, so it is very efficient. The average time complexity of
>>>> duplicating VMAs is reduced from O(n * log(n)) to O(n). The optimization
>>>> effect is proportional to the number of VMAs.
>>>
>>> I am not confident in the big O calculations here.  Although the addition
>>> of the tree is reduced, adding a VMA still needs to create the nodes
>>> above it - which are a function of n.  How did you get O(n * log(n)) for
>>> the existing fork?
>>>
>>> I would think your new algorithm is n * log(n/16), while the
>>> previous was n * log(n/16) * f(n).  Where f(n) would be something
>>> to do with the decision to split/rebalance in bulk insert mode.
>>>
>>> It's certainly a better algorithm to duplicate trees, but I don't think
>>> it is O(n).  Can you please explain?
>>
>> The following is a non-professional analysis of the algorithm.
>>
>> Let's first analyze the average time complexity of the new algorithm, as
>> it is relatively easy to analyze. The maximum number of branches for
>> internal nodes in a maple tree in allocation mode is 10. However, to
>> simplify the analysis, we will not consider this case and assume that
>> all nodes have a maximum of 16 branches.
>>
>> The new algorithm assumes that there is no case where a VMA with the
>> VM_DONTCOPY flag is deleted. If such a case exists, this analysis cannot
>> be applied.
>>
>> The operations of the new algorithm consist of three parts:
>>
>> 1. DFS traversal of each node in the source tree
>> 2. For each node in the source tree, create a copy and construct a new
>>     node
>> 3. Traverse the new tree using mas_find() and replace each element
>>
>> If there are a total of n elements in the maple tree, we can conclude
>> that there are n/16 leaf nodes. Regarding the second-to-last level, we
>> can conclude that there are n/16^2 nodes. The total number of nodes in
>> the entire tree is given by the sum of n/16 + n/16^2 + n/16^3 + ... + 1.
>> This is a geometric progression with a total of log base 16 of n terms.
>> According to the formula for the sum of a geometric progression, the sum
>> is (n-1)/15. So, this tree has a total of (n-1)/15 nodes and
>> (n-1)/15 - 1 edges.
>>
>> For the operations in the first part of this algorithm, since DFS
>> traverses each edge twice, the time complexity would be
>> 2*((n-1)/15 - 1).
>>
>> For the second part, each operation involves copying a node and making
>> necessary modifications. Therefore, the time complexity is
>> 16*(n-1)/15.
>>
>> For the third part, we use mas_find() to traverse and replace each
>> element, which is essentially similar to the combination of the first
>> and second parts. mas_find() traverses all nodes and within each node,
>> it iterates over all elements and performs replacements. The time
>> complexity of traversing the nodes is 2*((n-1)/15 - 1), and for all
>> nodes, the time complexity of replacing all their elements is
>> 16*(n-1)/15.
>>
>> By ignoring all constant factors, each of the three parts of the
>> algorithm has a time complexity of O(n). Therefore, this new algorithm
>> is O(n).
> 
> Thanks for the detailed analysis!  I didn't mean to cause so much work
> with this question.  I wanted to know so that future work could rely on
> this calculation to demonstrate if it is worth implementing without
> going through the effort of coding and benchmarking - after all, this
> commit message will most likely be examined during that process.
> 
> I asked because O(n) vs O(n*log(n)) doesn't seem to fit with your
> benchmarking.
It may not be well reflected in the benchmarking of fork() because all
the aforementioned time complexity analysis is related to the part
involving the maple tree, specifically the time complexity of
constructing a new maple tree. However, fork() also includes many other
behaviors.
> 
>>
>> The exact time complexity of the old algorithm is difficult to analyze.
>> I can only provide an upper bound estimation. There are two possible
>> scenarios for each insertion:
>>
>> 1. Appending at the end of a node.
>> 2. Splitting nodes multiple times.
>>
>> For the first scenario, the individual operation has a time complexity
>> of O(1). As for the second scenario, it involves node splitting. The
>> challenge lies in determining which insertions trigger splits and how
>> many splits occur each time, which is difficult to calculate. In the
>> worst-case scenario, each insertion requires splitting the tree's height
>> log(n) times. Assuming every insertion is in the worst-case scenario,
>> the time complexity would be n*log(n). However, not every insertion
>> requires splitting, and the number of splits each time may not
>> necessarily be log(n). Therefore, this is an estimation of the upper
>> bound.
> 
> Saying every insert causes a split and adding in n*log(n) is more than
> an over estimation.  At worst there is some n + n/16 * log(n) going on
> there.
> 
> During the building of a tree, we are in bulk insert mode.  This favours
> balancing the tree to the left to maximize the number of inserts being
> append operations.  The algorithm inserts as many to the left as we can
> leaving the minimum number on the right.
> 
> We also reduce the number of splits by pushing data to the left whenever
> possible, at every level.
Yes, but I don't think pushing data would occur when inserting in
ascending order in bulk mode because the left nodes are all full, while
there are no nodes on the right side. However, I'm not entirely certain
about this since I only briefly looked at the implementation of this
part.
> 
> 
>>>
>>>>
>>>> As the entire maple tree is duplicated using __mt_dup(), if dup_mmap()
>>>> fails, there will be a portion of VMAs that have not been duplicated in
>>>> the maple tree. This makes it impossible to unmap all VMAs in exit_mmap().
>>>> To solve this problem, undo_dup_mmap() is introduced to handle the failure
>>>> of dup_mmap(). I have carefully tested the failure path and so far it
>>>> seems there are no issues.
>>>>
>>>> There is a "spawn" in byte-unixbench[1], which can be used to test the
>>>> performance of fork(). I modified it slightly to make it work with
>>>> different number of VMAs.
>>>>
>>>> Below are the test results. By default, there are 21 VMAs. The first row
>>>> shows the number of additional VMAs added on top of the default. The last
>>>> two rows show the number of fork() calls per ten seconds. The test results
>>>> were obtained with CPU binding to avoid scheduler load balancing that
>>>> could cause unstable results. There are still some fluctuations in the
>>>> test results, but at least they are better than the original performance.
>>>>
>>>> Increment of VMAs: 0      100     200     400     800     1600    3200    6400
>>>> next-20230921:     112326 75469   54529   34619   20750   11355   6115    3183
>>>> Apply this:        116505 85971   67121   46080   29722   16665   9050    4805
>>>>                      +3.72% +13.92% +23.09% +33.11% +43.24% +46.76% +48.00% +50.96%
>               delta       4179   10502   12592   11461    8972    5310   2935    1622
> 
> Looking at this data, it is difficult to see what is going on because
> there is a doubling of the VMAs per fork per column while the count is
> forks per 10 seconds.  So this table is really a logarithmic table with
> increases growing by 10%.  Adding the delta row makes it seem like the
> number are not growing apart as I would expect.
> 
> If we normalize this to VMAs per second by dividing the forks by 10,
> then multiplying by the number of VMAs we get this:
> 
> VMA Count:           21       121       221       421       821      1621       3221      6421
> log(VMA)           1.32      2.00      2.30      2.60      2.90      3.20       3.36      3.81
> next-20230921: 258349.8  928268.7 1215996.7 1464383.7 1707725.0 1842916.5  1420514.5 2044440.9
> this:          267961.5 1057443.3 1496798.3 1949184.0 2446120.6 2704729.5  2102315.0 3086251.5
> delta            9611.7  129174.6  280801.6  484800.3  738395.6  861813.0   681800.5 1041810.6
> 
> The first thing that I noticed was that we hit some dip in the numbers
> at 3221.  I first thought that might be something else running on the
> host machine, but both runs are affected by around the same percent.
> 
> Here, we do see the delta growing apart, but peaking in growth around
> 821 VMAs.  Again that 3221 number is out of line.
> 
> If we discard 21 and anything above 1621, we still see both lines are
> asymptotic curves.  I would expect that the new algorithm would be more
> linear to represent O(n), but there is certainly a curve when graphed
> with a normalized X-axis.  The older algorithm, O(n*log(n)) should be
> the opposite curve all together, and with a diminishing return, but it
> seems the more elements we have, the more operations we can perform in a
> second.
Thank you for your detailed analysis.

So, are you expecting the transformed data to be close to a constant
value?
Please note that besides constructing a new maple tree, there are many
other operations in fork(). As the number of VMAs increases, the number
of fork() calls decreases. Therefore, the overall cost spent on other
operations becomes smaller, while the cost spent on duplicating VMAs
increases. That's why this data grows with the increase of VMAs. I
speculate that if the number of VMAs is large enough to neglect the time
spent on other operations in fork(), this data will approach a constant
value.

If we want to achieve the expected curve, I think we should simulate the
process of constructing the maple tree in user space to avoid the impact
of other operations in fork(), just like in the current bench_forking().
> 
> Thinking about what is going on here, I cannot come up with a reason
> that there would be a curve to the line at all.  If we took more
> measurements, I would think the samples would be an ever-increasing line
> with variability for some function of 16 - a saw toothed increasing
> line. At least, until an upper limit is reached.  We can see that the
> upper limit was still not achieved at 1621 since 6421 is higher for both
> runs, but a curve is evident on both methods, which suggests something
> else is a significant contributor.
> 
> I would think each VMA requires the same amount of work, so a constant.
> The allocations would again, be some function that would linearly
> increase with the existing method over-estimating by a huge number of
> nodes.
> 
> I'm not trying to nitpick here, but it is important to be accurate in
> the statements because it may alter choices on how to proceed in
> improving this performance later.  It may be others looking through
> these commit messages to see if something can be improved.
Thank you for pointing that out. I will try to describe it more
accurately in the commit log and see if I can measure the expected curve
in user space.
> 
> I also feel like your notes on your algorithm are worth including in the
> commit because it could prove rather valuable if we revisit forking in
> the future.
Do you mean that I should write the analysis of the time complexity of
the new algorithm in the commit log?
> 
> The more I look at this, the more questions I have that I cannot answer.
> One thing we can see is that the new method is faster in this
> micro-benchmark.
Yes. It should be noted that in the field of computer science, if the
test results don't align with the expected mathematical calculations,
it indicates an error in the calculations. This is because accurate
calculations will always be reflected in the test results. 😂
> 
>>>>
>>>> [1] https://github.com/kdlucas/byte-unixbench/tree/master
>>>>
>>>> Signed-off-by: Peng Zhang <zhangpeng.00@bytedance.com>
>>>> ---
>>>>    include/linux/mm.h |  1 +
>>>>    kernel/fork.c      | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++----------
>>>>    mm/internal.h      |  3 ++-
>>>>    mm/memory.c        |  7 ++++---
>>>>    mm/mmap.c          | 52 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
>>>>    5 files changed, 80 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)
>>>>
>>>> diff --git a/include/linux/mm.h b/include/linux/mm.h
>>>> index 1f1d0d6b8f20..10c59dc7ffaa 100644
>>>> --- a/include/linux/mm.h
>>>> +++ b/include/linux/mm.h
>>>> @@ -3242,6 +3242,7 @@ extern void unlink_file_vma(struct vm_area_struct *);
>>>>    extern struct vm_area_struct *copy_vma(struct vm_area_struct **,
>>>>    	unsigned long addr, unsigned long len, pgoff_t pgoff,
>>>>    	bool *need_rmap_locks);
>>>> +extern void undo_dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma_end);
>>>>    extern void exit_mmap(struct mm_struct *);
>>>>    static inline int check_data_rlimit(unsigned long rlim,
>>>> diff --git a/kernel/fork.c b/kernel/fork.c
>>>> index 7ae36c2e7290..2f3d83e89fe6 100644
>>>> --- a/kernel/fork.c
>>>> +++ b/kernel/fork.c
>>>> @@ -650,7 +650,6 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
>>>>    	int retval;
>>>>    	unsigned long charge = 0;
>>>>    	LIST_HEAD(uf);
>>>> -	VMA_ITERATOR(old_vmi, oldmm, 0);
>>>>    	VMA_ITERATOR(vmi, mm, 0);
>>>>    	uprobe_start_dup_mmap();
>>>> @@ -678,16 +677,25 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
>>>>    		goto out;
>>>>    	khugepaged_fork(mm, oldmm);
>>>> -	retval = vma_iter_bulk_alloc(&vmi, oldmm->map_count);
>>>> -	if (retval)
>>>> +	/* Use __mt_dup() to efficiently build an identical maple tree. */
>>>> +	retval = __mt_dup(&oldmm->mm_mt, &mm->mm_mt, GFP_KERNEL);
>>>> +	if (unlikely(retval))
>>>>    		goto out;
>>>>    	mt_clear_in_rcu(vmi.mas.tree);
>>>> -	for_each_vma(old_vmi, mpnt) {
>>>> +	for_each_vma(vmi, mpnt) {
>>>>    		struct file *file;
>>>>    		vma_start_write(mpnt);
>>>>    		if (mpnt->vm_flags & VM_DONTCOPY) {
>>>> +			mas_store_gfp(&vmi.mas, NULL, GFP_KERNEL);
>>>> +
>>>> +			/* If failed, undo all completed duplications. */
>>>> +			if (unlikely(mas_is_err(&vmi.mas))) {
>>>> +				retval = xa_err(vmi.mas.node);
>>>> +				goto loop_out;
>>>> +			}
>>>> +
>>>>    			vm_stat_account(mm, mpnt->vm_flags, -vma_pages(mpnt));
>>>>    			continue;
>>>>    		}
>>>> @@ -749,9 +757,11 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
>>>>    		if (is_vm_hugetlb_page(tmp))
>>>>    			hugetlb_dup_vma_private(tmp);
>>>> -		/* Link the vma into the MT */
>>>> -		if (vma_iter_bulk_store(&vmi, tmp))
>>>> -			goto fail_nomem_vmi_store;
>>>> +		/*
>>>> +		 * Link the vma into the MT. After using __mt_dup(), memory
>>>> +		 * allocation is not necessary here, so it cannot fail.
>>>> +		 */
>>>> +		mas_store(&vmi.mas, tmp);
>>>>    		mm->map_count++;
>>>>    		if (!(tmp->vm_flags & VM_WIPEONFORK))
>>>> @@ -760,15 +770,19 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
>>>>    		if (tmp->vm_ops && tmp->vm_ops->open)
>>>>    			tmp->vm_ops->open(tmp);
>>>> -		if (retval)
>>>> +		if (retval) {
>>>> +			mpnt = vma_next(&vmi);
>>>>    			goto loop_out;
>>>> +		}
>>>>    	}
>>>>    	/* a new mm has just been created */
>>>>    	retval = arch_dup_mmap(oldmm, mm);
>>>>    loop_out:
>>>>    	vma_iter_free(&vmi);
>>>> -	if (!retval)
>>>> +	if (likely(!retval))
>>>>    		mt_set_in_rcu(vmi.mas.tree);
>>>> +	else
>>>> +		undo_dup_mmap(mm, mpnt);
>>>>    out:
>>>>    	mmap_write_unlock(mm);
>>>>    	flush_tlb_mm(oldmm);
>>>> @@ -778,8 +792,6 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
>>>>    	uprobe_end_dup_mmap();
>>>>    	return retval;
>>>> -fail_nomem_vmi_store:
>>>> -	unlink_anon_vmas(tmp);
>>>>    fail_nomem_anon_vma_fork:
>>>>    	mpol_put(vma_policy(tmp));
>>>>    fail_nomem_policy:
>>>> diff --git a/mm/internal.h b/mm/internal.h
>>>> index 7a961d12b088..288ec81770cb 100644
>>>> --- a/mm/internal.h
>>>> +++ b/mm/internal.h
>>>> @@ -111,7 +111,8 @@ void folio_activate(struct folio *folio);
>>>>    void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
>>>>    		   struct vm_area_struct *start_vma, unsigned long floor,
>>>> -		   unsigned long ceiling, bool mm_wr_locked);
>>>> +		   unsigned long ceiling, unsigned long tree_end,
>>>> +		   bool mm_wr_locked);
>>>>    void pmd_install(struct mm_struct *mm, pmd_t *pmd, pgtable_t *pte);
>>>>    struct zap_details;
>>>> diff --git a/mm/memory.c b/mm/memory.c
>>>> index 983a40f8ee62..1fd66a0d5838 100644
>>>> --- a/mm/memory.c
>>>> +++ b/mm/memory.c
>>>> @@ -362,7 +362,8 @@ void free_pgd_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb,
>>>>    void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
>>>>    		   struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long floor,
>>>> -		   unsigned long ceiling, bool mm_wr_locked)
>>>> +		   unsigned long ceiling, unsigned long tree_end,
>>>> +		   bool mm_wr_locked)
>>>>    {
>>>>    	do {
>>>>    		unsigned long addr = vma->vm_start;
>>>> @@ -372,7 +373,7 @@ void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
>>>>    		 * Note: USER_PGTABLES_CEILING may be passed as ceiling and may
>>>>    		 * be 0.  This will underflow and is okay.
>>>>    		 */
>>>> -		next = mas_find(mas, ceiling - 1);
>>>> +		next = mas_find(mas, tree_end - 1);
>>>>    		/*
>>>>    		 * Hide vma from rmap and truncate_pagecache before freeing
>>>> @@ -393,7 +394,7 @@ void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
>>>>    			while (next && next->vm_start <= vma->vm_end + PMD_SIZE
>>>>    			       && !is_vm_hugetlb_page(next)) {
>>>>    				vma = next;
>>>> -				next = mas_find(mas, ceiling - 1);
>>>> +				next = mas_find(mas, tree_end - 1);
>>>>    				if (mm_wr_locked)
>>>>    					vma_start_write(vma);
>>>>    				unlink_anon_vmas(vma);
>>>> diff --git a/mm/mmap.c b/mm/mmap.c
>>>> index 2ad950f773e4..daed3b423124 100644
>>>> --- a/mm/mmap.c
>>>> +++ b/mm/mmap.c
>>>> @@ -2312,7 +2312,7 @@ static void unmap_region(struct mm_struct *mm, struct ma_state *mas,
>>>>    	mas_set(mas, mt_start);
>>>>    	free_pgtables(&tlb, mas, vma, prev ? prev->vm_end : FIRST_USER_ADDRESS,
>>>>    				 next ? next->vm_start : USER_PGTABLES_CEILING,
>>>> -				 mm_wr_locked);
>>>> +				 tree_end, mm_wr_locked);
>>>>    	tlb_finish_mmu(&tlb);
>>>>    }
>>>> @@ -3178,6 +3178,54 @@ int vm_brk(unsigned long addr, unsigned long len)
>>>>    }
>>>>    EXPORT_SYMBOL(vm_brk);
>>>> +void undo_dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma_end)
>>>> +{
>>>> +	unsigned long tree_end;
>>>> +	VMA_ITERATOR(vmi, mm, 0);
>>>> +	struct vm_area_struct *vma;
>>>> +	unsigned long nr_accounted = 0;
>>>> +	int count = 0;
>>>> +
>>>> +	/*
>>>> +	 * vma_end points to the first VMA that has not been duplicated. We need
>>>> +	 * to unmap all VMAs before it.
>>>> +	 * If vma_end is NULL, it means that all VMAs in the maple tree have
>>>> +	 * been duplicated, so setting tree_end to 0 will overflow to ULONG_MAX
>>>> +	 * when using it.
>>>> +	 */
>>>> +	if (vma_end) {
>>>> +		tree_end = vma_end->vm_start;
>>>> +		if (tree_end == 0)
>>>> +			goto destroy;
>>>> +	} else
>>>> +		tree_end = 0;
>>>> +
>>>> +	vma = mas_find(&vmi.mas, tree_end - 1);
>>>> +
>>>> +	if (vma) {
>>>> +		arch_unmap(mm, vma->vm_start, tree_end);
>>>> +		unmap_region(mm, &vmi.mas, vma, NULL, NULL, 0, tree_end,
>>>> +			     tree_end, true);
>>>
>>> next is vma_end, as per your comment above.  Using next = vma_end allows
>>> you to avoid adding another argument to free_pgtables().
>> Unfortunately, it cannot be done this way. I fell into this trap before,
>> and it caused incomplete page table cleanup. To solve this problem, the
>> only solution I can think of right now is to add an additional
>> parameter.
>>
>> free_pgtables() will be called in unmap_region() to free the page table,
>> like this:
>>
>> free_pgtables(&tlb, mas, vma, prev ? prev->vm_end : FIRST_USER_ADDRESS,
>> 		next ? next->vm_start : USER_PGTABLES_CEILING,
>> 		mm_wr_locked);
>>
>> The problem is with 'next'. Our 'vma_end' does not exist in the actual
>> mmap because it has not been duplicated and cannot be used as 'next'.
>> If there is a real 'next', we can use 'next->vm_start' as the ceiling,
>> which is not a problem. If there is no 'next' (next is 'vma_end'), we
>> can only use 'USER_PGTABLES_CEILING' as the ceiling. Using
>> 'vma_end->vm_start' as the ceiling will cause the page table not to be
>> fully freed, which may be related to alignment in 'free_pgd_range()'. To
>> solve this problem, we have to introduce 'tree_end', and separating
>> 'tree_end' and 'ceiling' can solve this problem.
> 
> Can you just use ceiling?  That is, just not pass in next and keep the
> code as-is?  This is how exit_mmap() does it and should avoid any
> alignment issues.  I assume you tried that and something went wrong as
> well?
I tried that, but it didn't work either. In free_pgtables(), the
following line of code is used to iterate over VMAs:
mas_find(mas, ceiling - 1);
If next is passed as NULL, ceiling will be 0, resulting in iterating
over all the VMAs in the maple tree, including the last portion that was
not duplicated.
> 
>>
>>>
>>>> +
>>>> +		mas_set(&vmi.mas, vma->vm_end);
>>>> +		do {
>>>> +			if (vma->vm_flags & VM_ACCOUNT)
>>>> +				nr_accounted += vma_pages(vma);
>>>> +			remove_vma(vma, true);
>>>> +			count++;
>>>> +			cond_resched();
>>>> +			vma = mas_find(&vmi.mas, tree_end - 1);
>>>> +		} while (vma != NULL);
>>>> +
>>>> +		BUG_ON(count != mm->map_count);
>>>> +
>>>> +		vm_unacct_memory(nr_accounted);
>>>> +	}
>>>> +
>>>> +destroy:
>>>> +	__mt_destroy(&mm->mm_mt);
>>>> +}
>>>> +
>>>>    /* Release all mmaps. */
>>>>    void exit_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm)
>>>>    {
>>>> @@ -3217,7 +3265,7 @@ void exit_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm)
>>>>    	mt_clear_in_rcu(&mm->mm_mt);
>>>>    	mas_set(&mas, vma->vm_end);
>>>>    	free_pgtables(&tlb, &mas, vma, FIRST_USER_ADDRESS,
>>>> -		      USER_PGTABLES_CEILING, true);
>>>> +		      USER_PGTABLES_CEILING, USER_PGTABLES_CEILING, true);
>>>>    	tlb_finish_mmu(&tlb);
>>>>    	/*
>>>> -- 
>>>> 2.20.1
>>>>
>>>
>>
>
  

* Peng Zhang <zhangpeng.00@bytedance.com> [231005 11:56]:
> 
> 
> 在 2023/10/5 03:53, Liam R. Howlett 写道:
> > * Peng Zhang <zhangpeng.00@bytedance.com> [231004 05:10]:
> > > 
> > > 
> > > 在 2023/10/4 02:46, Liam R. Howlett 写道:
> > > > * Peng Zhang <zhangpeng.00@bytedance.com> [230924 23:58]:
> > > > > In dup_mmap(), using __mt_dup() to duplicate the old maple tree and then
> > > > > directly replacing the entries of VMAs in the new maple tree can result
> > > > > in better performance. __mt_dup() uses DFS pre-order to duplicate the
> > > > > maple tree, so it is very efficient. The average time complexity of
> > > > > duplicating VMAs is reduced from O(n * log(n)) to O(n). The optimization
> > > > > effect is proportional to the number of VMAs.
> > > > 
> > > > I am not confident in the big O calculations here.  Although the addition
> > > > of the tree is reduced, adding a VMA still needs to create the nodes
> > > > above it - which are a function of n.  How did you get O(n * log(n)) for
> > > > the existing fork?
> > > > 
> > > > I would think your new algorithm is n * log(n/16), while the
> > > > previous was n * log(n/16) * f(n).  Where f(n) would be something
> > > > to do with the decision to split/rebalance in bulk insert mode.
> > > > 
> > > > It's certainly a better algorithm to duplicate trees, but I don't think
> > > > it is O(n).  Can you please explain?
> > > 
> > > The following is a non-professional analysis of the algorithm.
> > > 
> > > Let's first analyze the average time complexity of the new algorithm, as
> > > it is relatively easy to analyze. The maximum number of branches for
> > > internal nodes in a maple tree in allocation mode is 10. However, to
> > > simplify the analysis, we will not consider this case and assume that
> > > all nodes have a maximum of 16 branches.
> > > 
> > > The new algorithm assumes that there is no case where a VMA with the
> > > VM_DONTCOPY flag is deleted. If such a case exists, this analysis cannot
> > > be applied.
> > > 
> > > The operations of the new algorithm consist of three parts:
> > > 
> > > 1. DFS traversal of each node in the source tree
> > > 2. For each node in the source tree, create a copy and construct a new
> > >     node
> > > 3. Traverse the new tree using mas_find() and replace each element
> > > 
> > > If there are a total of n elements in the maple tree, we can conclude
> > > that there are n/16 leaf nodes. Regarding the second-to-last level, we
> > > can conclude that there are n/16^2 nodes. The total number of nodes in
> > > the entire tree is given by the sum of n/16 + n/16^2 + n/16^3 + ... + 1.
> > > This is a geometric progression with a total of log base 16 of n terms.
> > > According to the formula for the sum of a geometric progression, the sum
> > > is (n-1)/15. So, this tree has a total of (n-1)/15 nodes and
> > > (n-1)/15 - 1 edges.
> > > 
> > > For the operations in the first part of this algorithm, since DFS
> > > traverses each edge twice, the time complexity would be
> > > 2*((n-1)/15 - 1).
> > > 
> > > For the second part, each operation involves copying a node and making
> > > necessary modifications. Therefore, the time complexity is
> > > 16*(n-1)/15.
> > > 
> > > For the third part, we use mas_find() to traverse and replace each
> > > element, which is essentially similar to the combination of the first
> > > and second parts. mas_find() traverses all nodes and within each node,
> > > it iterates over all elements and performs replacements. The time
> > > complexity of traversing the nodes is 2*((n-1)/15 - 1), and for all
> > > nodes, the time complexity of replacing all their elements is
> > > 16*(n-1)/15.
> > > 
> > > By ignoring all constant factors, each of the three parts of the
> > > algorithm has a time complexity of O(n). Therefore, this new algorithm
> > > is O(n).
> > 
> > Thanks for the detailed analysis!  I didn't mean to cause so much work
> > with this question.  I wanted to know so that future work could rely on
> > this calculation to demonstrate if it is worth implementing without
> > going through the effort of coding and benchmarking - after all, this
> > commit message will most likely be examined during that process.
> > 
> > I asked because O(n) vs O(n*log(n)) doesn't seem to fit with your
> > benchmarking.
> It may not be well reflected in the benchmarking of fork() because all
> the aforementioned time complexity analysis is related to the part
> involving the maple tree, specifically the time complexity of
> constructing a new maple tree. However, fork() also includes many other
> behaviors.

The forking is allocating VMAs, etc but all a 1-1 mapping per VMA so it
should be linear, if not near-linear.  There is some setup time involved
with the mm struct too, but that should become less as more VMAs are
added per fork.

> > 
> > > 
> > > The exact time complexity of the old algorithm is difficult to analyze.
> > > I can only provide an upper bound estimation. There are two possible
> > > scenarios for each insertion:
> > > 
> > > 1. Appending at the end of a node.
> > > 2. Splitting nodes multiple times.
> > > 
> > > For the first scenario, the individual operation has a time complexity
> > > of O(1). As for the second scenario, it involves node splitting. The
> > > challenge lies in determining which insertions trigger splits and how
> > > many splits occur each time, which is difficult to calculate. In the
> > > worst-case scenario, each insertion requires splitting the tree's height
> > > log(n) times. Assuming every insertion is in the worst-case scenario,
> > > the time complexity would be n*log(n). However, not every insertion
> > > requires splitting, and the number of splits each time may not
> > > necessarily be log(n). Therefore, this is an estimation of the upper
> > > bound.
> > 
> > Saying every insert causes a split and adding in n*log(n) is more than
> > an over estimation.  At worst there is some n + n/16 * log(n) going on
> > there.
> > 
> > During the building of a tree, we are in bulk insert mode.  This favours
> > balancing the tree to the left to maximize the number of inserts being
> > append operations.  The algorithm inserts as many to the left as we can
> > leaving the minimum number on the right.
> > 
> > We also reduce the number of splits by pushing data to the left whenever
> > possible, at every level.
> Yes, but I don't think pushing data would occur when inserting in
> ascending order in bulk mode because the left nodes are all full, while
> there are no nodes on the right side. However, I'm not entirely certain
> about this since I only briefly looked at the implementation of this
> part.

They are not full, the right node has enough entries to have a
sufficient node, so the left node will have that many spaces for push.
mab_calc_split():
        if (unlikely((mas->mas_flags & MA_STATE_BULK))) {                                                               
                *mid_split = 0; 
                split = b_end - mt_min_slots[bn->type];

> > 
> > 
> > > > 
> > > > > 
> > > > > As the entire maple tree is duplicated using __mt_dup(), if dup_mmap()
> > > > > fails, there will be a portion of VMAs that have not been duplicated in
> > > > > the maple tree. This makes it impossible to unmap all VMAs in exit_mmap().
> > > > > To solve this problem, undo_dup_mmap() is introduced to handle the failure
> > > > > of dup_mmap(). I have carefully tested the failure path and so far it
> > > > > seems there are no issues.
> > > > > 
> > > > > There is a "spawn" in byte-unixbench[1], which can be used to test the
> > > > > performance of fork(). I modified it slightly to make it work with
> > > > > different number of VMAs.
> > > > > 
> > > > > Below are the test results. By default, there are 21 VMAs. The first row
> > > > > shows the number of additional VMAs added on top of the default. The last
> > > > > two rows show the number of fork() calls per ten seconds. The test results
> > > > > were obtained with CPU binding to avoid scheduler load balancing that
> > > > > could cause unstable results. There are still some fluctuations in the
> > > > > test results, but at least they are better than the original performance.
> > > > > 
> > > > > Increment of VMAs: 0      100     200     400     800     1600    3200    6400
> > > > > next-20230921:     112326 75469   54529   34619   20750   11355   6115    3183
> > > > > Apply this:        116505 85971   67121   46080   29722   16665   9050    4805
> > > > >                      +3.72% +13.92% +23.09% +33.11% +43.24% +46.76% +48.00% +50.96%
> >               delta       4179   10502   12592   11461    8972    5310   2935    1622
> > 
> > Looking at this data, it is difficult to see what is going on because
> > there is a doubling of the VMAs per fork per column while the count is
> > forks per 10 seconds.  So this table is really a logarithmic table with
> > increases growing by 10%.  Adding the delta row makes it seem like the
> > number are not growing apart as I would expect.
> > 
> > If we normalize this to VMAs per second by dividing the forks by 10,
> > then multiplying by the number of VMAs we get this:
> > 
> > VMA Count:           21       121       221       421       821      1621       3221      6421
> > log(VMA)           1.32      2.00      2.30      2.60      2.90      3.20       3.36      3.81
> > next-20230921: 258349.8  928268.7 1215996.7 1464383.7 1707725.0 1842916.5  1420514.5 2044440.9
> > this:          267961.5 1057443.3 1496798.3 1949184.0 2446120.6 2704729.5  2102315.0 3086251.5
> > delta            9611.7  129174.6  280801.6  484800.3  738395.6  861813.0   681800.5 1041810.6
> > 
> > The first thing that I noticed was that we hit some dip in the numbers
> > at 3221.  I first thought that might be something else running on the
> > host machine, but both runs are affected by around the same percent.
> > 
> > Here, we do see the delta growing apart, but peaking in growth around
> > 821 VMAs.  Again that 3221 number is out of line.
> > 
> > If we discard 21 and anything above 1621, we still see both lines are
> > asymptotic curves.  I would expect that the new algorithm would be more
> > linear to represent O(n), but there is certainly a curve when graphed
> > with a normalized X-axis.  The older algorithm, O(n*log(n)) should be
> > the opposite curve all together, and with a diminishing return, but it
> > seems the more elements we have, the more operations we can perform in a
> > second.
> Thank you for your detailed analysis.
> 
> So, are you expecting the transformed data to be close to a constant
> value?

I would expect it to increase linearly, but it's a curve.  Also, it
seems that both methods are near the identical curve, including the dip
at 3221.  I expect the new method to have a different curve, especially
at the higher numbers where the fork() overhead is much less, but it
seems they both curve asymptotically.  That is, they seen to be the same
complexity related to n, but with different constants.

> Please note that besides constructing a new maple tree, there are many
> other operations in fork(). As the number of VMAs increases, the number
> of fork() calls decreases. Therefore, the overall cost spent on other
> operations becomes smaller, while the cost spent on duplicating VMAs
> increases. That's why this data grows with the increase of VMAs. I
> speculate that if the number of VMAs is large enough to neglect the time
> spent on other operations in fork(), this data will approach a constant
> value.

If it were the other parts of fork() causing the non-linear growth, then
I would expect 800 -> 1600 to increase to +53% instead of +46%, and if
we were hitting the limit of fork affecting the data, then I would
expect the delta of VMAs/second to not be so high at the upper 6421 -
both algorithms have more room to get more performance at least until
6421 VMAs/fork.

> 
> If we want to achieve the expected curve, I think we should simulate the
> process of constructing the maple tree in user space to avoid the impact
> of other operations in fork(), just like in the current bench_forking().
> > 
> > Thinking about what is going on here, I cannot come up with a reason
> > that there would be a curve to the line at all.  If we took more
> > measurements, I would think the samples would be an ever-increasing line
> > with variability for some function of 16 - a saw toothed increasing
> > line. At least, until an upper limit is reached.  We can see that the
> > upper limit was still not achieved at 1621 since 6421 is higher for both
> > runs, but a curve is evident on both methods, which suggests something
> > else is a significant contributor.
> > 
> > I would think each VMA requires the same amount of work, so a constant.
> > The allocations would again, be some function that would linearly
> > increase with the existing method over-estimating by a huge number of
> > nodes.
> > 
> > I'm not trying to nitpick here, but it is important to be accurate in
> > the statements because it may alter choices on how to proceed in
> > improving this performance later.  It may be others looking through
> > these commit messages to see if something can be improved.
> Thank you for pointing that out. I will try to describe it more
> accurately in the commit log and see if I can measure the expected curve
> in user space.
> > 
> > I also feel like your notes on your algorithm are worth including in the
> > commit because it could prove rather valuable if we revisit forking in
> > the future.
> Do you mean that I should write the analysis of the time complexity of
> the new algorithm in the commit log?

Yes, I think it's worth capturing.  What do you think?

> > 
> > The more I look at this, the more questions I have that I cannot answer.
> > One thing we can see is that the new method is faster in this
> > micro-benchmark.
> Yes. It should be noted that in the field of computer science, if the
> test results don't align with the expected mathematical calculations,
> it indicates an error in the calculations. This is because accurate
> calculations will always be reflected in the test results. 😂
> > 
> > > > > 
> > > > > [1] https://github.com/kdlucas/byte-unixbench/tree/master
> > > > > 
> > > > > Signed-off-by: Peng Zhang <zhangpeng.00@bytedance.com>
> > > > > ---
> > > > >    include/linux/mm.h |  1 +
> > > > >    kernel/fork.c      | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++----------
> > > > >    mm/internal.h      |  3 ++-
> > > > >    mm/memory.c        |  7 ++++---
> > > > >    mm/mmap.c          | 52 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
> > > > >    5 files changed, 80 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)
> > > > > 
> > > > > diff --git a/include/linux/mm.h b/include/linux/mm.h
> > > > > index 1f1d0d6b8f20..10c59dc7ffaa 100644
> > > > > --- a/include/linux/mm.h
> > > > > +++ b/include/linux/mm.h
> > > > > @@ -3242,6 +3242,7 @@ extern void unlink_file_vma(struct vm_area_struct *);
> > > > >    extern struct vm_area_struct *copy_vma(struct vm_area_struct **,
> > > > >    	unsigned long addr, unsigned long len, pgoff_t pgoff,
> > > > >    	bool *need_rmap_locks);
> > > > > +extern void undo_dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma_end);
> > > > >    extern void exit_mmap(struct mm_struct *);
> > > > >    static inline int check_data_rlimit(unsigned long rlim,
> > > > > diff --git a/kernel/fork.c b/kernel/fork.c
> > > > > index 7ae36c2e7290..2f3d83e89fe6 100644
> > > > > --- a/kernel/fork.c
> > > > > +++ b/kernel/fork.c
> > > > > @@ -650,7 +650,6 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
> > > > >    	int retval;
> > > > >    	unsigned long charge = 0;
> > > > >    	LIST_HEAD(uf);
> > > > > -	VMA_ITERATOR(old_vmi, oldmm, 0);
> > > > >    	VMA_ITERATOR(vmi, mm, 0);
> > > > >    	uprobe_start_dup_mmap();
> > > > > @@ -678,16 +677,25 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
> > > > >    		goto out;
> > > > >    	khugepaged_fork(mm, oldmm);
> > > > > -	retval = vma_iter_bulk_alloc(&vmi, oldmm->map_count);
> > > > > -	if (retval)
> > > > > +	/* Use __mt_dup() to efficiently build an identical maple tree. */
> > > > > +	retval = __mt_dup(&oldmm->mm_mt, &mm->mm_mt, GFP_KERNEL);
> > > > > +	if (unlikely(retval))
> > > > >    		goto out;
> > > > >    	mt_clear_in_rcu(vmi.mas.tree);
> > > > > -	for_each_vma(old_vmi, mpnt) {
> > > > > +	for_each_vma(vmi, mpnt) {
> > > > >    		struct file *file;
> > > > >    		vma_start_write(mpnt);
> > > > >    		if (mpnt->vm_flags & VM_DONTCOPY) {
> > > > > +			mas_store_gfp(&vmi.mas, NULL, GFP_KERNEL);
> > > > > +
> > > > > +			/* If failed, undo all completed duplications. */
> > > > > +			if (unlikely(mas_is_err(&vmi.mas))) {
> > > > > +				retval = xa_err(vmi.mas.node);
> > > > > +				goto loop_out;
> > > > > +			}
> > > > > +
> > > > >    			vm_stat_account(mm, mpnt->vm_flags, -vma_pages(mpnt));
> > > > >    			continue;
> > > > >    		}
> > > > > @@ -749,9 +757,11 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
> > > > >    		if (is_vm_hugetlb_page(tmp))
> > > > >    			hugetlb_dup_vma_private(tmp);
> > > > > -		/* Link the vma into the MT */
> > > > > -		if (vma_iter_bulk_store(&vmi, tmp))
> > > > > -			goto fail_nomem_vmi_store;
> > > > > +		/*
> > > > > +		 * Link the vma into the MT. After using __mt_dup(), memory
> > > > > +		 * allocation is not necessary here, so it cannot fail.
> > > > > +		 */
> > > > > +		mas_store(&vmi.mas, tmp);
> > > > >    		mm->map_count++;
> > > > >    		if (!(tmp->vm_flags & VM_WIPEONFORK))
> > > > > @@ -760,15 +770,19 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
> > > > >    		if (tmp->vm_ops && tmp->vm_ops->open)
> > > > >    			tmp->vm_ops->open(tmp);
> > > > > -		if (retval)
> > > > > +		if (retval) {
> > > > > +			mpnt = vma_next(&vmi);
> > > > >    			goto loop_out;
> > > > > +		}
> > > > >    	}
> > > > >    	/* a new mm has just been created */
> > > > >    	retval = arch_dup_mmap(oldmm, mm);
> > > > >    loop_out:
> > > > >    	vma_iter_free(&vmi);
> > > > > -	if (!retval)
> > > > > +	if (likely(!retval))
> > > > >    		mt_set_in_rcu(vmi.mas.tree);
> > > > > +	else
> > > > > +		undo_dup_mmap(mm, mpnt);
> > > > >    out:
> > > > >    	mmap_write_unlock(mm);
> > > > >    	flush_tlb_mm(oldmm);
> > > > > @@ -778,8 +792,6 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
> > > > >    	uprobe_end_dup_mmap();
> > > > >    	return retval;
> > > > > -fail_nomem_vmi_store:
> > > > > -	unlink_anon_vmas(tmp);
> > > > >    fail_nomem_anon_vma_fork:
> > > > >    	mpol_put(vma_policy(tmp));
> > > > >    fail_nomem_policy:
> > > > > diff --git a/mm/internal.h b/mm/internal.h
> > > > > index 7a961d12b088..288ec81770cb 100644
> > > > > --- a/mm/internal.h
> > > > > +++ b/mm/internal.h
> > > > > @@ -111,7 +111,8 @@ void folio_activate(struct folio *folio);
> > > > >    void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
> > > > >    		   struct vm_area_struct *start_vma, unsigned long floor,
> > > > > -		   unsigned long ceiling, bool mm_wr_locked);
> > > > > +		   unsigned long ceiling, unsigned long tree_end,
> > > > > +		   bool mm_wr_locked);
> > > > >    void pmd_install(struct mm_struct *mm, pmd_t *pmd, pgtable_t *pte);
> > > > >    struct zap_details;
> > > > > diff --git a/mm/memory.c b/mm/memory.c
> > > > > index 983a40f8ee62..1fd66a0d5838 100644
> > > > > --- a/mm/memory.c
> > > > > +++ b/mm/memory.c
> > > > > @@ -362,7 +362,8 @@ void free_pgd_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb,
> > > > >    void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
> > > > >    		   struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long floor,
> > > > > -		   unsigned long ceiling, bool mm_wr_locked)
> > > > > +		   unsigned long ceiling, unsigned long tree_end,
> > > > > +		   bool mm_wr_locked)
> > > > >    {
> > > > >    	do {
> > > > >    		unsigned long addr = vma->vm_start;
> > > > > @@ -372,7 +373,7 @@ void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
> > > > >    		 * Note: USER_PGTABLES_CEILING may be passed as ceiling and may
> > > > >    		 * be 0.  This will underflow and is okay.
> > > > >    		 */
> > > > > -		next = mas_find(mas, ceiling - 1);
> > > > > +		next = mas_find(mas, tree_end - 1);
> > > > >    		/*
> > > > >    		 * Hide vma from rmap and truncate_pagecache before freeing
> > > > > @@ -393,7 +394,7 @@ void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
> > > > >    			while (next && next->vm_start <= vma->vm_end + PMD_SIZE
> > > > >    			       && !is_vm_hugetlb_page(next)) {
> > > > >    				vma = next;
> > > > > -				next = mas_find(mas, ceiling - 1);
> > > > > +				next = mas_find(mas, tree_end - 1);
> > > > >    				if (mm_wr_locked)
> > > > >    					vma_start_write(vma);
> > > > >    				unlink_anon_vmas(vma);
> > > > > diff --git a/mm/mmap.c b/mm/mmap.c
> > > > > index 2ad950f773e4..daed3b423124 100644
> > > > > --- a/mm/mmap.c
> > > > > +++ b/mm/mmap.c
> > > > > @@ -2312,7 +2312,7 @@ static void unmap_region(struct mm_struct *mm, struct ma_state *mas,
> > > > >    	mas_set(mas, mt_start);
> > > > >    	free_pgtables(&tlb, mas, vma, prev ? prev->vm_end : FIRST_USER_ADDRESS,
> > > > >    				 next ? next->vm_start : USER_PGTABLES_CEILING,
> > > > > -				 mm_wr_locked);
> > > > > +				 tree_end, mm_wr_locked);
> > > > >    	tlb_finish_mmu(&tlb);
> > > > >    }
> > > > > @@ -3178,6 +3178,54 @@ int vm_brk(unsigned long addr, unsigned long len)
> > > > >    }
> > > > >    EXPORT_SYMBOL(vm_brk);
> > > > > +void undo_dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma_end)
> > > > > +{
> > > > > +	unsigned long tree_end;
> > > > > +	VMA_ITERATOR(vmi, mm, 0);
> > > > > +	struct vm_area_struct *vma;
> > > > > +	unsigned long nr_accounted = 0;
> > > > > +	int count = 0;
> > > > > +
> > > > > +	/*
> > > > > +	 * vma_end points to the first VMA that has not been duplicated. We need
> > > > > +	 * to unmap all VMAs before it.
> > > > > +	 * If vma_end is NULL, it means that all VMAs in the maple tree have
> > > > > +	 * been duplicated, so setting tree_end to 0 will overflow to ULONG_MAX
> > > > > +	 * when using it.
> > > > > +	 */
> > > > > +	if (vma_end) {
> > > > > +		tree_end = vma_end->vm_start;
> > > > > +		if (tree_end == 0)
> > > > > +			goto destroy;
> > > > > +	} else
> > > > > +		tree_end = 0;

You need to enclose this statement to meet the coding style.  You could
just set tree_end = 0 at the start of the function instead, actually I
think tree_end = USER_PGTABLES_CEILING unless there is a vma_end.

> > > > > +
> > > > > +	vma = mas_find(&vmi.mas, tree_end - 1);

vma = vma_find(&vmi, tree_end);

> > > > > +
> > > > > +	if (vma) {

Probably would be cleaner to jump to destroy here too:
if (!vma)
	goto destroy;

> > > > > +		arch_unmap(mm, vma->vm_start, tree_end);
> > > > > +		unmap_region(mm, &vmi.mas, vma, NULL, NULL, 0, tree_end,
> > > > > +			     tree_end, true);
> > > > 
> > > > next is vma_end, as per your comment above.  Using next = vma_end allows
> > > > you to avoid adding another argument to free_pgtables().
> > > Unfortunately, it cannot be done this way. I fell into this trap before,
> > > and it caused incomplete page table cleanup. To solve this problem, the
> > > only solution I can think of right now is to add an additional
> > > parameter.
> > > 
> > > free_pgtables() will be called in unmap_region() to free the page table,
> > > like this:
> > > 
> > > free_pgtables(&tlb, mas, vma, prev ? prev->vm_end : FIRST_USER_ADDRESS,
> > > 		next ? next->vm_start : USER_PGTABLES_CEILING,
> > > 		mm_wr_locked);
> > > 
> > > The problem is with 'next'. Our 'vma_end' does not exist in the actual
> > > mmap because it has not been duplicated and cannot be used as 'next'.
> > > If there is a real 'next', we can use 'next->vm_start' as the ceiling,
> > > which is not a problem. If there is no 'next' (next is 'vma_end'), we
> > > can only use 'USER_PGTABLES_CEILING' as the ceiling. Using
> > > 'vma_end->vm_start' as the ceiling will cause the page table not to be
> > > fully freed, which may be related to alignment in 'free_pgd_range()'. To
> > > solve this problem, we have to introduce 'tree_end', and separating
> > > 'tree_end' and 'ceiling' can solve this problem.
> > 
> > Can you just use ceiling?  That is, just not pass in next and keep the
> > code as-is?  This is how exit_mmap() does it and should avoid any
> > alignment issues.  I assume you tried that and something went wrong as
> > well?
> I tried that, but it didn't work either. In free_pgtables(), the
> following line of code is used to iterate over VMAs:
> mas_find(mas, ceiling - 1);
> If next is passed as NULL, ceiling will be 0, resulting in iterating
> over all the VMAs in the maple tree, including the last portion that was
> not duplicated.

If vma_end is NULL, it means that all VMAs in the maple tree have been
duplicated, so shouldn't the correct action in this case be freeing up
to ceiling?

If it isn't null, then vma_end->vm_start should work as the end of the
area to free.

With your mas_find(mas, tree_end - 1), then the vma_end will be avoided,
but free_pgd_range() will use ceiling anyways:

free_pgd_range(tlb, addr, vma->vm_end, floor, next ? next->vm_start : ceiling);

Passing in vma_end as next to unmap_region() functions in my testing
without adding arguments to free_pgtables().

How are you producing the accounting issue you mention above?  Maybe I
missed something?


> > 
> > > 
> > > > 
> > > > > +
> > > > > +		mas_set(&vmi.mas, vma->vm_end);
vma_iter_set(&vmi, vma->vm_end);
> > > > > +		do {
> > > > > +			if (vma->vm_flags & VM_ACCOUNT)
> > > > > +				nr_accounted += vma_pages(vma);
> > > > > +			remove_vma(vma, true);
> > > > > +			count++;
> > > > > +			cond_resched();
> > > > > +			vma = mas_find(&vmi.mas, tree_end - 1);
> > > > > +		} while (vma != NULL);

You can write this as:
do { ... } for_each_vma_range(vmi, vma, tree_end);

> > > > > +
> > > > > +		BUG_ON(count != mm->map_count);
> > > > > +
> > > > > +		vm_unacct_memory(nr_accounted);
> > > > > +	}
> > > > > +
> > > > > +destroy:
> > > > > +	__mt_destroy(&mm->mm_mt);
> > > > > +}
> > > > > +
> > > > >    /* Release all mmaps. */
> > > > >    void exit_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm)
> > > > >    {
> > > > > @@ -3217,7 +3265,7 @@ void exit_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm)
> > > > >    	mt_clear_in_rcu(&mm->mm_mt);
> > > > >    	mas_set(&mas, vma->vm_end);
> > > > >    	free_pgtables(&tlb, &mas, vma, FIRST_USER_ADDRESS,
> > > > > -		      USER_PGTABLES_CEILING, true);
> > > > > +		      USER_PGTABLES_CEILING, USER_PGTABLES_CEILING, true);
> > > > >    	tlb_finish_mmu(&tlb);
> > > > >    	/*
> > > > > -- 
> > > > > 2.20.1
> > > > > 
> > > > 
> > > 
> >
  

* Liam R. Howlett <Liam.Howlett@Oracle.com> [231006 21:11]:
> * Peng Zhang <zhangpeng.00@bytedance.com> [231005 11:56]:
> > 
> > 
> > 在 2023/10/5 03:53, Liam R. Howlett 写道:
> > > * Peng Zhang <zhangpeng.00@bytedance.com> [231004 05:10]:
> > > > 
> > > > 
> > > > 在 2023/10/4 02:46, Liam R. Howlett 写道:
> > > > > * Peng Zhang <zhangpeng.00@bytedance.com> [230924 23:58]:
> > > > > > In dup_mmap(), using __mt_dup() to duplicate the old maple tree and then
> > > > > > directly replacing the entries of VMAs in the new maple tree can result
> > > > > > in better performance. __mt_dup() uses DFS pre-order to duplicate the
> > > > > > maple tree, so it is very efficient. The average time complexity of
> > > > > > duplicating VMAs is reduced from O(n * log(n)) to O(n). The optimization
> > > > > > effect is proportional to the number of VMAs.
> > > > > 
> > > > > I am not confident in the big O calculations here.  Although the addition
> > > > > of the tree is reduced, adding a VMA still needs to create the nodes
> > > > > above it - which are a function of n.  How did you get O(n * log(n)) for
> > > > > the existing fork?
> > > > > 
> > > > > I would think your new algorithm is n * log(n/16), while the
> > > > > previous was n * log(n/16) * f(n).  Where f(n) would be something
> > > > > to do with the decision to split/rebalance in bulk insert mode.
> > > > > 
> > > > > It's certainly a better algorithm to duplicate trees, but I don't think
> > > > > it is O(n).  Can you please explain?
> > > > 
> > > > The following is a non-professional analysis of the algorithm.
> > > > 
> > > > Let's first analyze the average time complexity of the new algorithm, as
> > > > it is relatively easy to analyze. The maximum number of branches for
> > > > internal nodes in a maple tree in allocation mode is 10. However, to
> > > > simplify the analysis, we will not consider this case and assume that
> > > > all nodes have a maximum of 16 branches.
> > > > 
> > > > The new algorithm assumes that there is no case where a VMA with the
> > > > VM_DONTCOPY flag is deleted. If such a case exists, this analysis cannot
> > > > be applied.
> > > > 
> > > > The operations of the new algorithm consist of three parts:
> > > > 
> > > > 1. DFS traversal of each node in the source tree
> > > > 2. For each node in the source tree, create a copy and construct a new
> > > >     node
> > > > 3. Traverse the new tree using mas_find() and replace each element
> > > > 
> > > > If there are a total of n elements in the maple tree, we can conclude
> > > > that there are n/16 leaf nodes. Regarding the second-to-last level, we
> > > > can conclude that there are n/16^2 nodes. The total number of nodes in
> > > > the entire tree is given by the sum of n/16 + n/16^2 + n/16^3 + ... + 1.
> > > > This is a geometric progression with a total of log base 16 of n terms.
> > > > According to the formula for the sum of a geometric progression, the sum
> > > > is (n-1)/15. So, this tree has a total of (n-1)/15 nodes and
> > > > (n-1)/15 - 1 edges.
> > > > 
> > > > For the operations in the first part of this algorithm, since DFS
> > > > traverses each edge twice, the time complexity would be
> > > > 2*((n-1)/15 - 1).
> > > > 
> > > > For the second part, each operation involves copying a node and making
> > > > necessary modifications. Therefore, the time complexity is
> > > > 16*(n-1)/15.
> > > > 
> > > > For the third part, we use mas_find() to traverse and replace each
> > > > element, which is essentially similar to the combination of the first
> > > > and second parts. mas_find() traverses all nodes and within each node,
> > > > it iterates over all elements and performs replacements. The time
> > > > complexity of traversing the nodes is 2*((n-1)/15 - 1), and for all
> > > > nodes, the time complexity of replacing all their elements is
> > > > 16*(n-1)/15.
> > > > 
> > > > By ignoring all constant factors, each of the three parts of the
> > > > algorithm has a time complexity of O(n). Therefore, this new algorithm
> > > > is O(n).
> > > 
> > > Thanks for the detailed analysis!  I didn't mean to cause so much work
> > > with this question.  I wanted to know so that future work could rely on
> > > this calculation to demonstrate if it is worth implementing without
> > > going through the effort of coding and benchmarking - after all, this
> > > commit message will most likely be examined during that process.
> > > 
> > > I asked because O(n) vs O(n*log(n)) doesn't seem to fit with your
> > > benchmarking.
> > It may not be well reflected in the benchmarking of fork() because all
> > the aforementioned time complexity analysis is related to the part
> > involving the maple tree, specifically the time complexity of
> > constructing a new maple tree. However, fork() also includes many other
> > behaviors.
> 
> The forking is allocating VMAs, etc but all a 1-1 mapping per VMA so it
> should be linear, if not near-linear.  There is some setup time involved
> with the mm struct too, but that should become less as more VMAs are
> added per fork.
> 
> > > 
> > > > 
> > > > The exact time complexity of the old algorithm is difficult to analyze.
> > > > I can only provide an upper bound estimation. There are two possible
> > > > scenarios for each insertion:
> > > > 
> > > > 1. Appending at the end of a node.
> > > > 2. Splitting nodes multiple times.
> > > > 
> > > > For the first scenario, the individual operation has a time complexity
> > > > of O(1). As for the second scenario, it involves node splitting. The
> > > > challenge lies in determining which insertions trigger splits and how
> > > > many splits occur each time, which is difficult to calculate. In the
> > > > worst-case scenario, each insertion requires splitting the tree's height
> > > > log(n) times. Assuming every insertion is in the worst-case scenario,
> > > > the time complexity would be n*log(n). However, not every insertion
> > > > requires splitting, and the number of splits each time may not
> > > > necessarily be log(n). Therefore, this is an estimation of the upper
> > > > bound.
> > > 
> > > Saying every insert causes a split and adding in n*log(n) is more than
> > > an over estimation.  At worst there is some n + n/16 * log(n) going on
> > > there.
> > > 
> > > During the building of a tree, we are in bulk insert mode.  This favours
> > > balancing the tree to the left to maximize the number of inserts being
> > > append operations.  The algorithm inserts as many to the left as we can
> > > leaving the minimum number on the right.
> > > 
> > > We also reduce the number of splits by pushing data to the left whenever
> > > possible, at every level.
> > Yes, but I don't think pushing data would occur when inserting in
> > ascending order in bulk mode because the left nodes are all full, while
> > there are no nodes on the right side. However, I'm not entirely certain
> > about this since I only briefly looked at the implementation of this
> > part.
> 
> They are not full, the right node has enough entries to have a
> sufficient node, so the left node will have that many spaces for push.
> mab_calc_split():
>         if (unlikely((mas->mas_flags & MA_STATE_BULK))) {                                                               
>                 *mid_split = 0; 
>                 split = b_end - mt_min_slots[bn->type];
> 
> > > 
> > > 
> > > > > 
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > As the entire maple tree is duplicated using __mt_dup(), if dup_mmap()
> > > > > > fails, there will be a portion of VMAs that have not been duplicated in
> > > > > > the maple tree. This makes it impossible to unmap all VMAs in exit_mmap().
> > > > > > To solve this problem, undo_dup_mmap() is introduced to handle the failure
> > > > > > of dup_mmap(). I have carefully tested the failure path and so far it
> > > > > > seems there are no issues.
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > There is a "spawn" in byte-unixbench[1], which can be used to test the
> > > > > > performance of fork(). I modified it slightly to make it work with
> > > > > > different number of VMAs.
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Below are the test results. By default, there are 21 VMAs. The first row
> > > > > > shows the number of additional VMAs added on top of the default. The last
> > > > > > two rows show the number of fork() calls per ten seconds. The test results
> > > > > > were obtained with CPU binding to avoid scheduler load balancing that
> > > > > > could cause unstable results. There are still some fluctuations in the
> > > > > > test results, but at least they are better than the original performance.
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Increment of VMAs: 0      100     200     400     800     1600    3200    6400
> > > > > > next-20230921:     112326 75469   54529   34619   20750   11355   6115    3183
> > > > > > Apply this:        116505 85971   67121   46080   29722   16665   9050    4805
> > > > > >                      +3.72% +13.92% +23.09% +33.11% +43.24% +46.76% +48.00% +50.96%
> > >               delta       4179   10502   12592   11461    8972    5310   2935    1622
> > > 
> > > Looking at this data, it is difficult to see what is going on because
> > > there is a doubling of the VMAs per fork per column while the count is
> > > forks per 10 seconds.  So this table is really a logarithmic table with
> > > increases growing by 10%.  Adding the delta row makes it seem like the
> > > number are not growing apart as I would expect.
> > > 
> > > If we normalize this to VMAs per second by dividing the forks by 10,
> > > then multiplying by the number of VMAs we get this:
> > > 
> > > VMA Count:           21       121       221       421       821      1621       3221      6421
> > > log(VMA)           1.32      2.00      2.30      2.60      2.90      3.20       3.36      3.81
> > > next-20230921: 258349.8  928268.7 1215996.7 1464383.7 1707725.0 1842916.5  1420514.5 2044440.9
> > > this:          267961.5 1057443.3 1496798.3 1949184.0 2446120.6 2704729.5  2102315.0 3086251.5
> > > delta            9611.7  129174.6  280801.6  484800.3  738395.6  861813.0   681800.5 1041810.6
> > > 
> > > The first thing that I noticed was that we hit some dip in the numbers
> > > at 3221.  I first thought that might be something else running on the
> > > host machine, but both runs are affected by around the same percent.
> > > 
> > > Here, we do see the delta growing apart, but peaking in growth around
> > > 821 VMAs.  Again that 3221 number is out of line.
> > > 
> > > If we discard 21 and anything above 1621, we still see both lines are
> > > asymptotic curves.  I would expect that the new algorithm would be more
> > > linear to represent O(n), but there is certainly a curve when graphed
> > > with a normalized X-axis.  The older algorithm, O(n*log(n)) should be
> > > the opposite curve all together, and with a diminishing return, but it
> > > seems the more elements we have, the more operations we can perform in a
> > > second.
> > Thank you for your detailed analysis.
> > 
> > So, are you expecting the transformed data to be close to a constant
> > value?
> 
> I would expect it to increase linearly, but it's a curve.  Also, it
> seems that both methods are near the identical curve, including the dip
> at 3221.  I expect the new method to have a different curve, especially
> at the higher numbers where the fork() overhead is much less, but it
> seems they both curve asymptotically.  That is, they seen to be the same
> complexity related to n, but with different constants.
> 
> > Please note that besides constructing a new maple tree, there are many
> > other operations in fork(). As the number of VMAs increases, the number
> > of fork() calls decreases. Therefore, the overall cost spent on other
> > operations becomes smaller, while the cost spent on duplicating VMAs
> > increases. That's why this data grows with the increase of VMAs. I
> > speculate that if the number of VMAs is large enough to neglect the time
> > spent on other operations in fork(), this data will approach a constant
> > value.
> 
> If it were the other parts of fork() causing the non-linear growth, then
> I would expect 800 -> 1600 to increase to +53% instead of +46%, and if
> we were hitting the limit of fork affecting the data, then I would
> expect the delta of VMAs/second to not be so high at the upper 6421 -
> both algorithms have more room to get more performance at least until
> 6421 VMAs/fork.
> 
> > 
> > If we want to achieve the expected curve, I think we should simulate the
> > process of constructing the maple tree in user space to avoid the impact
> > of other operations in fork(), just like in the current bench_forking().
> > > 
> > > Thinking about what is going on here, I cannot come up with a reason
> > > that there would be a curve to the line at all.  If we took more
> > > measurements, I would think the samples would be an ever-increasing line
> > > with variability for some function of 16 - a saw toothed increasing
> > > line. At least, until an upper limit is reached.  We can see that the
> > > upper limit was still not achieved at 1621 since 6421 is higher for both
> > > runs, but a curve is evident on both methods, which suggests something
> > > else is a significant contributor.
> > > 
> > > I would think each VMA requires the same amount of work, so a constant.
> > > The allocations would again, be some function that would linearly
> > > increase with the existing method over-estimating by a huge number of
> > > nodes.
> > > 
> > > I'm not trying to nitpick here, but it is important to be accurate in
> > > the statements because it may alter choices on how to proceed in
> > > improving this performance later.  It may be others looking through
> > > these commit messages to see if something can be improved.
> > Thank you for pointing that out. I will try to describe it more
> > accurately in the commit log and see if I can measure the expected curve
> > in user space.
> > > 
> > > I also feel like your notes on your algorithm are worth including in the
> > > commit because it could prove rather valuable if we revisit forking in
> > > the future.
> > Do you mean that I should write the analysis of the time complexity of
> > the new algorithm in the commit log?
> 
> Yes, I think it's worth capturing.  What do you think?
> 
> > > 
> > > The more I look at this, the more questions I have that I cannot answer.
> > > One thing we can see is that the new method is faster in this
> > > micro-benchmark.
> > Yes. It should be noted that in the field of computer science, if the
> > test results don't align with the expected mathematical calculations,
> > it indicates an error in the calculations. This is because accurate
> > calculations will always be reflected in the test results. 😂
> > > 
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > [1] https://github.com/kdlucas/byte-unixbench/tree/master
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Signed-off-by: Peng Zhang <zhangpeng.00@bytedance.com>
> > > > > > ---
> > > > > >    include/linux/mm.h |  1 +
> > > > > >    kernel/fork.c      | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++----------
> > > > > >    mm/internal.h      |  3 ++-
> > > > > >    mm/memory.c        |  7 ++++---
> > > > > >    mm/mmap.c          | 52 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
> > > > > >    5 files changed, 80 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > diff --git a/include/linux/mm.h b/include/linux/mm.h
> > > > > > index 1f1d0d6b8f20..10c59dc7ffaa 100644
> > > > > > --- a/include/linux/mm.h
> > > > > > +++ b/include/linux/mm.h
> > > > > > @@ -3242,6 +3242,7 @@ extern void unlink_file_vma(struct vm_area_struct *);
> > > > > >    extern struct vm_area_struct *copy_vma(struct vm_area_struct **,
> > > > > >    	unsigned long addr, unsigned long len, pgoff_t pgoff,
> > > > > >    	bool *need_rmap_locks);
> > > > > > +extern void undo_dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma_end);
> > > > > >    extern void exit_mmap(struct mm_struct *);
> > > > > >    static inline int check_data_rlimit(unsigned long rlim,
> > > > > > diff --git a/kernel/fork.c b/kernel/fork.c
> > > > > > index 7ae36c2e7290..2f3d83e89fe6 100644
> > > > > > --- a/kernel/fork.c
> > > > > > +++ b/kernel/fork.c
> > > > > > @@ -650,7 +650,6 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
> > > > > >    	int retval;
> > > > > >    	unsigned long charge = 0;
> > > > > >    	LIST_HEAD(uf);
> > > > > > -	VMA_ITERATOR(old_vmi, oldmm, 0);
> > > > > >    	VMA_ITERATOR(vmi, mm, 0);
> > > > > >    	uprobe_start_dup_mmap();
> > > > > > @@ -678,16 +677,25 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
> > > > > >    		goto out;
> > > > > >    	khugepaged_fork(mm, oldmm);
> > > > > > -	retval = vma_iter_bulk_alloc(&vmi, oldmm->map_count);
> > > > > > -	if (retval)
> > > > > > +	/* Use __mt_dup() to efficiently build an identical maple tree. */
> > > > > > +	retval = __mt_dup(&oldmm->mm_mt, &mm->mm_mt, GFP_KERNEL);
> > > > > > +	if (unlikely(retval))
> > > > > >    		goto out;
> > > > > >    	mt_clear_in_rcu(vmi.mas.tree);
> > > > > > -	for_each_vma(old_vmi, mpnt) {
> > > > > > +	for_each_vma(vmi, mpnt) {
> > > > > >    		struct file *file;
> > > > > >    		vma_start_write(mpnt);
> > > > > >    		if (mpnt->vm_flags & VM_DONTCOPY) {
> > > > > > +			mas_store_gfp(&vmi.mas, NULL, GFP_KERNEL);
> > > > > > +
> > > > > > +			/* If failed, undo all completed duplications. */
> > > > > > +			if (unlikely(mas_is_err(&vmi.mas))) {
> > > > > > +				retval = xa_err(vmi.mas.node);
> > > > > > +				goto loop_out;
> > > > > > +			}
> > > > > > +
> > > > > >    			vm_stat_account(mm, mpnt->vm_flags, -vma_pages(mpnt));
> > > > > >    			continue;
> > > > > >    		}
> > > > > > @@ -749,9 +757,11 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
> > > > > >    		if (is_vm_hugetlb_page(tmp))
> > > > > >    			hugetlb_dup_vma_private(tmp);
> > > > > > -		/* Link the vma into the MT */
> > > > > > -		if (vma_iter_bulk_store(&vmi, tmp))
> > > > > > -			goto fail_nomem_vmi_store;
> > > > > > +		/*
> > > > > > +		 * Link the vma into the MT. After using __mt_dup(), memory
> > > > > > +		 * allocation is not necessary here, so it cannot fail.
> > > > > > +		 */
> > > > > > +		mas_store(&vmi.mas, tmp);
> > > > > >    		mm->map_count++;
> > > > > >    		if (!(tmp->vm_flags & VM_WIPEONFORK))
> > > > > > @@ -760,15 +770,19 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
> > > > > >    		if (tmp->vm_ops && tmp->vm_ops->open)
> > > > > >    			tmp->vm_ops->open(tmp);
> > > > > > -		if (retval)
> > > > > > +		if (retval) {
> > > > > > +			mpnt = vma_next(&vmi);
> > > > > >    			goto loop_out;
> > > > > > +		}
> > > > > >    	}
> > > > > >    	/* a new mm has just been created */
> > > > > >    	retval = arch_dup_mmap(oldmm, mm);
> > > > > >    loop_out:
> > > > > >    	vma_iter_free(&vmi);
> > > > > > -	if (!retval)
> > > > > > +	if (likely(!retval))
> > > > > >    		mt_set_in_rcu(vmi.mas.tree);
> > > > > > +	else
> > > > > > +		undo_dup_mmap(mm, mpnt);
> > > > > >    out:
> > > > > >    	mmap_write_unlock(mm);
> > > > > >    	flush_tlb_mm(oldmm);
> > > > > > @@ -778,8 +792,6 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
> > > > > >    	uprobe_end_dup_mmap();
> > > > > >    	return retval;
> > > > > > -fail_nomem_vmi_store:
> > > > > > -	unlink_anon_vmas(tmp);
> > > > > >    fail_nomem_anon_vma_fork:
> > > > > >    	mpol_put(vma_policy(tmp));
> > > > > >    fail_nomem_policy:
> > > > > > diff --git a/mm/internal.h b/mm/internal.h
> > > > > > index 7a961d12b088..288ec81770cb 100644
> > > > > > --- a/mm/internal.h
> > > > > > +++ b/mm/internal.h
> > > > > > @@ -111,7 +111,8 @@ void folio_activate(struct folio *folio);
> > > > > >    void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
> > > > > >    		   struct vm_area_struct *start_vma, unsigned long floor,
> > > > > > -		   unsigned long ceiling, bool mm_wr_locked);
> > > > > > +		   unsigned long ceiling, unsigned long tree_end,
> > > > > > +		   bool mm_wr_locked);
> > > > > >    void pmd_install(struct mm_struct *mm, pmd_t *pmd, pgtable_t *pte);
> > > > > >    struct zap_details;
> > > > > > diff --git a/mm/memory.c b/mm/memory.c
> > > > > > index 983a40f8ee62..1fd66a0d5838 100644
> > > > > > --- a/mm/memory.c
> > > > > > +++ b/mm/memory.c
> > > > > > @@ -362,7 +362,8 @@ void free_pgd_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb,
> > > > > >    void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
> > > > > >    		   struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long floor,
> > > > > > -		   unsigned long ceiling, bool mm_wr_locked)
> > > > > > +		   unsigned long ceiling, unsigned long tree_end,
> > > > > > +		   bool mm_wr_locked)
> > > > > >    {
> > > > > >    	do {
> > > > > >    		unsigned long addr = vma->vm_start;
> > > > > > @@ -372,7 +373,7 @@ void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
> > > > > >    		 * Note: USER_PGTABLES_CEILING may be passed as ceiling and may
> > > > > >    		 * be 0.  This will underflow and is okay.
> > > > > >    		 */
> > > > > > -		next = mas_find(mas, ceiling - 1);
> > > > > > +		next = mas_find(mas, tree_end - 1);
> > > > > >    		/*
> > > > > >    		 * Hide vma from rmap and truncate_pagecache before freeing
> > > > > > @@ -393,7 +394,7 @@ void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
> > > > > >    			while (next && next->vm_start <= vma->vm_end + PMD_SIZE
> > > > > >    			       && !is_vm_hugetlb_page(next)) {
> > > > > >    				vma = next;
> > > > > > -				next = mas_find(mas, ceiling - 1);
> > > > > > +				next = mas_find(mas, tree_end - 1);
> > > > > >    				if (mm_wr_locked)
> > > > > >    					vma_start_write(vma);
> > > > > >    				unlink_anon_vmas(vma);
> > > > > > diff --git a/mm/mmap.c b/mm/mmap.c
> > > > > > index 2ad950f773e4..daed3b423124 100644
> > > > > > --- a/mm/mmap.c
> > > > > > +++ b/mm/mmap.c
> > > > > > @@ -2312,7 +2312,7 @@ static void unmap_region(struct mm_struct *mm, struct ma_state *mas,
> > > > > >    	mas_set(mas, mt_start);
> > > > > >    	free_pgtables(&tlb, mas, vma, prev ? prev->vm_end : FIRST_USER_ADDRESS,
> > > > > >    				 next ? next->vm_start : USER_PGTABLES_CEILING,
> > > > > > -				 mm_wr_locked);
> > > > > > +				 tree_end, mm_wr_locked);
> > > > > >    	tlb_finish_mmu(&tlb);
> > > > > >    }
> > > > > > @@ -3178,6 +3178,54 @@ int vm_brk(unsigned long addr, unsigned long len)
> > > > > >    }
> > > > > >    EXPORT_SYMBOL(vm_brk);
> > > > > > +void undo_dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma_end)
> > > > > > +{
> > > > > > +	unsigned long tree_end;
> > > > > > +	VMA_ITERATOR(vmi, mm, 0);
> > > > > > +	struct vm_area_struct *vma;
> > > > > > +	unsigned long nr_accounted = 0;
> > > > > > +	int count = 0;
> > > > > > +
> > > > > > +	/*
> > > > > > +	 * vma_end points to the first VMA that has not been duplicated. We need
> > > > > > +	 * to unmap all VMAs before it.
> > > > > > +	 * If vma_end is NULL, it means that all VMAs in the maple tree have
> > > > > > +	 * been duplicated, so setting tree_end to 0 will overflow to ULONG_MAX
> > > > > > +	 * when using it.
> > > > > > +	 */
> > > > > > +	if (vma_end) {
> > > > > > +		tree_end = vma_end->vm_start;
> > > > > > +		if (tree_end == 0)
> > > > > > +			goto destroy;
> > > > > > +	} else
> > > > > > +		tree_end = 0;
> 
> You need to enclose this statement to meet the coding style.  You could
> just set tree_end = 0 at the start of the function instead, actually I
> think tree_end = USER_PGTABLES_CEILING unless there is a vma_end.
> 
> > > > > > +
> > > > > > +	vma = mas_find(&vmi.mas, tree_end - 1);
> 
> vma = vma_find(&vmi, tree_end);
> 
> > > > > > +
> > > > > > +	if (vma) {
> 
> Probably would be cleaner to jump to destroy here too:
> if (!vma)
> 	goto destroy;
> 
> > > > > > +		arch_unmap(mm, vma->vm_start, tree_end);

One more thing, it seems the maple state that is passed into
unmap_region() needs to point to the _next_ element, or the reset
doesn't work right between the unmap_vmas() and free_pgtables() call:

vma_iter_set(&vmi, vma->vm_end);


> > > > > > +		unmap_region(mm, &vmi.mas, vma, NULL, NULL, 0, tree_end,
> > > > > > +			     tree_end, true);
> > > > > 
> > > > > next is vma_end, as per your comment above.  Using next = vma_end allows
> > > > > you to avoid adding another argument to free_pgtables().
> > > > Unfortunately, it cannot be done this way. I fell into this trap before,
> > > > and it caused incomplete page table cleanup. To solve this problem, the
> > > > only solution I can think of right now is to add an additional
> > > > parameter.
> > > > 
> > > > free_pgtables() will be called in unmap_region() to free the page table,
> > > > like this:
> > > > 
> > > > free_pgtables(&tlb, mas, vma, prev ? prev->vm_end : FIRST_USER_ADDRESS,
> > > > 		next ? next->vm_start : USER_PGTABLES_CEILING,
> > > > 		mm_wr_locked);
> > > > 
> > > > The problem is with 'next'. Our 'vma_end' does not exist in the actual
> > > > mmap because it has not been duplicated and cannot be used as 'next'.
> > > > If there is a real 'next', we can use 'next->vm_start' as the ceiling,
> > > > which is not a problem. If there is no 'next' (next is 'vma_end'), we
> > > > can only use 'USER_PGTABLES_CEILING' as the ceiling. Using
> > > > 'vma_end->vm_start' as the ceiling will cause the page table not to be
> > > > fully freed, which may be related to alignment in 'free_pgd_range()'. To
> > > > solve this problem, we have to introduce 'tree_end', and separating
> > > > 'tree_end' and 'ceiling' can solve this problem.
> > > 
> > > Can you just use ceiling?  That is, just not pass in next and keep the
> > > code as-is?  This is how exit_mmap() does it and should avoid any
> > > alignment issues.  I assume you tried that and something went wrong as
> > > well?
> > I tried that, but it didn't work either. In free_pgtables(), the
> > following line of code is used to iterate over VMAs:
> > mas_find(mas, ceiling - 1);
> > If next is passed as NULL, ceiling will be 0, resulting in iterating
> > over all the VMAs in the maple tree, including the last portion that was
> > not duplicated.
> 
> If vma_end is NULL, it means that all VMAs in the maple tree have been
> duplicated, so shouldn't the correct action in this case be freeing up
> to ceiling?
> 
> If it isn't null, then vma_end->vm_start should work as the end of the
> area to free.
> 
> With your mas_find(mas, tree_end - 1), then the vma_end will be avoided,
> but free_pgd_range() will use ceiling anyways:
> 
> free_pgd_range(tlb, addr, vma->vm_end, floor, next ? next->vm_start : ceiling);
> 
> Passing in vma_end as next to unmap_region() functions in my testing
> without adding arguments to free_pgtables().
> 
> How are you producing the accounting issue you mention above?  Maybe I
> missed something?
> 
> 
> > > 
> > > > 
> > > > > 
> > > > > > +
> > > > > > +		mas_set(&vmi.mas, vma->vm_end);
> vma_iter_set(&vmi, vma->vm_end);
> > > > > > +		do {
> > > > > > +			if (vma->vm_flags & VM_ACCOUNT)
> > > > > > +				nr_accounted += vma_pages(vma);
> > > > > > +			remove_vma(vma, true);
> > > > > > +			count++;
> > > > > > +			cond_resched();
> > > > > > +			vma = mas_find(&vmi.mas, tree_end - 1);
> > > > > > +		} while (vma != NULL);
> 
> You can write this as:
> do { ... } for_each_vma_range(vmi, vma, tree_end);
> 
> > > > > > +
> > > > > > +		BUG_ON(count != mm->map_count);
> > > > > > +
> > > > > > +		vm_unacct_memory(nr_accounted);
> > > > > > +	}
> > > > > > +
> > > > > > +destroy:
> > > > > > +	__mt_destroy(&mm->mm_mt);
> > > > > > +}
> > > > > > +
> > > > > >    /* Release all mmaps. */
> > > > > >    void exit_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm)
> > > > > >    {
> > > > > > @@ -3217,7 +3265,7 @@ void exit_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm)
> > > > > >    	mt_clear_in_rcu(&mm->mm_mt);
> > > > > >    	mas_set(&mas, vma->vm_end);
> > > > > >    	free_pgtables(&tlb, &mas, vma, FIRST_USER_ADDRESS,
> > > > > > -		      USER_PGTABLES_CEILING, true);
> > > > > > +		      USER_PGTABLES_CEILING, USER_PGTABLES_CEILING, true);
> > > > > >    	tlb_finish_mmu(&tlb);
> > > > > >    	/*
> > > > > > -- 
> > > > > > 2.20.1
> > > > > > 
> > > > > 
> > > > 
> > >
  

在 2023/10/7 09:32, Liam R. Howlett 写道:
...
>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> [1] https://github.com/kdlucas/byte-unixbench/tree/master
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Signed-off-by: Peng Zhang <zhangpeng.00@bytedance.com>
>>>>>>> ---
>>>>>>>     include/linux/mm.h |  1 +
>>>>>>>     kernel/fork.c      | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++----------
>>>>>>>     mm/internal.h      |  3 ++-
>>>>>>>     mm/memory.c        |  7 ++++---
>>>>>>>     mm/mmap.c          | 52 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
>>>>>>>     5 files changed, 80 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> diff --git a/include/linux/mm.h b/include/linux/mm.h
>>>>>>> index 1f1d0d6b8f20..10c59dc7ffaa 100644
>>>>>>> --- a/include/linux/mm.h
>>>>>>> +++ b/include/linux/mm.h
>>>>>>> @@ -3242,6 +3242,7 @@ extern void unlink_file_vma(struct vm_area_struct *);
>>>>>>>     extern struct vm_area_struct *copy_vma(struct vm_area_struct **,
>>>>>>>     	unsigned long addr, unsigned long len, pgoff_t pgoff,
>>>>>>>     	bool *need_rmap_locks);
>>>>>>> +extern void undo_dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma_end);
>>>>>>>     extern void exit_mmap(struct mm_struct *);
>>>>>>>     static inline int check_data_rlimit(unsigned long rlim,
>>>>>>> diff --git a/kernel/fork.c b/kernel/fork.c
>>>>>>> index 7ae36c2e7290..2f3d83e89fe6 100644
>>>>>>> --- a/kernel/fork.c
>>>>>>> +++ b/kernel/fork.c
>>>>>>> @@ -650,7 +650,6 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
>>>>>>>     	int retval;
>>>>>>>     	unsigned long charge = 0;
>>>>>>>     	LIST_HEAD(uf);
>>>>>>> -	VMA_ITERATOR(old_vmi, oldmm, 0);
>>>>>>>     	VMA_ITERATOR(vmi, mm, 0);
>>>>>>>     	uprobe_start_dup_mmap();
>>>>>>> @@ -678,16 +677,25 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
>>>>>>>     		goto out;
>>>>>>>     	khugepaged_fork(mm, oldmm);
>>>>>>> -	retval = vma_iter_bulk_alloc(&vmi, oldmm->map_count);
>>>>>>> -	if (retval)
>>>>>>> +	/* Use __mt_dup() to efficiently build an identical maple tree. */
>>>>>>> +	retval = __mt_dup(&oldmm->mm_mt, &mm->mm_mt, GFP_KERNEL);
>>>>>>> +	if (unlikely(retval))
>>>>>>>     		goto out;
>>>>>>>     	mt_clear_in_rcu(vmi.mas.tree);
>>>>>>> -	for_each_vma(old_vmi, mpnt) {
>>>>>>> +	for_each_vma(vmi, mpnt) {
>>>>>>>     		struct file *file;
>>>>>>>     		vma_start_write(mpnt);
>>>>>>>     		if (mpnt->vm_flags & VM_DONTCOPY) {
>>>>>>> +			mas_store_gfp(&vmi.mas, NULL, GFP_KERNEL);
>>>>>>> +
>>>>>>> +			/* If failed, undo all completed duplications. */
>>>>>>> +			if (unlikely(mas_is_err(&vmi.mas))) {
>>>>>>> +				retval = xa_err(vmi.mas.node);
>>>>>>> +				goto loop_out;
>>>>>>> +			}
>>>>>>> +
>>>>>>>     			vm_stat_account(mm, mpnt->vm_flags, -vma_pages(mpnt));
>>>>>>>     			continue;
>>>>>>>     		}
>>>>>>> @@ -749,9 +757,11 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
>>>>>>>     		if (is_vm_hugetlb_page(tmp))
>>>>>>>     			hugetlb_dup_vma_private(tmp);
>>>>>>> -		/* Link the vma into the MT */
>>>>>>> -		if (vma_iter_bulk_store(&vmi, tmp))
>>>>>>> -			goto fail_nomem_vmi_store;
>>>>>>> +		/*
>>>>>>> +		 * Link the vma into the MT. After using __mt_dup(), memory
>>>>>>> +		 * allocation is not necessary here, so it cannot fail.
>>>>>>> +		 */
>>>>>>> +		mas_store(&vmi.mas, tmp);
>>>>>>>     		mm->map_count++;
>>>>>>>     		if (!(tmp->vm_flags & VM_WIPEONFORK))
>>>>>>> @@ -760,15 +770,19 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
>>>>>>>     		if (tmp->vm_ops && tmp->vm_ops->open)
>>>>>>>     			tmp->vm_ops->open(tmp);
>>>>>>> -		if (retval)
>>>>>>> +		if (retval) {
>>>>>>> +			mpnt = vma_next(&vmi);
>>>>>>>     			goto loop_out;
>>>>>>> +		}
>>>>>>>     	}
>>>>>>>     	/* a new mm has just been created */
>>>>>>>     	retval = arch_dup_mmap(oldmm, mm);
>>>>>>>     loop_out:
>>>>>>>     	vma_iter_free(&vmi);
>>>>>>> -	if (!retval)
>>>>>>> +	if (likely(!retval))
>>>>>>>     		mt_set_in_rcu(vmi.mas.tree);
>>>>>>> +	else
>>>>>>> +		undo_dup_mmap(mm, mpnt);
>>>>>>>     out:
>>>>>>>     	mmap_write_unlock(mm);
>>>>>>>     	flush_tlb_mm(oldmm);
>>>>>>> @@ -778,8 +792,6 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
>>>>>>>     	uprobe_end_dup_mmap();
>>>>>>>     	return retval;
>>>>>>> -fail_nomem_vmi_store:
>>>>>>> -	unlink_anon_vmas(tmp);
>>>>>>>     fail_nomem_anon_vma_fork:
>>>>>>>     	mpol_put(vma_policy(tmp));
>>>>>>>     fail_nomem_policy:
>>>>>>> diff --git a/mm/internal.h b/mm/internal.h
>>>>>>> index 7a961d12b088..288ec81770cb 100644
>>>>>>> --- a/mm/internal.h
>>>>>>> +++ b/mm/internal.h
>>>>>>> @@ -111,7 +111,8 @@ void folio_activate(struct folio *folio);
>>>>>>>     void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
>>>>>>>     		   struct vm_area_struct *start_vma, unsigned long floor,
>>>>>>> -		   unsigned long ceiling, bool mm_wr_locked);
>>>>>>> +		   unsigned long ceiling, unsigned long tree_end,
>>>>>>> +		   bool mm_wr_locked);
>>>>>>>     void pmd_install(struct mm_struct *mm, pmd_t *pmd, pgtable_t *pte);
>>>>>>>     struct zap_details;
>>>>>>> diff --git a/mm/memory.c b/mm/memory.c
>>>>>>> index 983a40f8ee62..1fd66a0d5838 100644
>>>>>>> --- a/mm/memory.c
>>>>>>> +++ b/mm/memory.c
>>>>>>> @@ -362,7 +362,8 @@ void free_pgd_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb,
>>>>>>>     void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
>>>>>>>     		   struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long floor,
>>>>>>> -		   unsigned long ceiling, bool mm_wr_locked)
>>>>>>> +		   unsigned long ceiling, unsigned long tree_end,
>>>>>>> +		   bool mm_wr_locked)
>>>>>>>     {
>>>>>>>     	do {
>>>>>>>     		unsigned long addr = vma->vm_start;
>>>>>>> @@ -372,7 +373,7 @@ void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
>>>>>>>     		 * Note: USER_PGTABLES_CEILING may be passed as ceiling and may
>>>>>>>     		 * be 0.  This will underflow and is okay.
>>>>>>>     		 */
>>>>>>> -		next = mas_find(mas, ceiling - 1);
>>>>>>> +		next = mas_find(mas, tree_end - 1);
>>>>>>>     		/*
>>>>>>>     		 * Hide vma from rmap and truncate_pagecache before freeing
>>>>>>> @@ -393,7 +394,7 @@ void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
>>>>>>>     			while (next && next->vm_start <= vma->vm_end + PMD_SIZE
>>>>>>>     			       && !is_vm_hugetlb_page(next)) {
>>>>>>>     				vma = next;
>>>>>>> -				next = mas_find(mas, ceiling - 1);
>>>>>>> +				next = mas_find(mas, tree_end - 1);
>>>>>>>     				if (mm_wr_locked)
>>>>>>>     					vma_start_write(vma);
>>>>>>>     				unlink_anon_vmas(vma);
>>>>>>> diff --git a/mm/mmap.c b/mm/mmap.c
>>>>>>> index 2ad950f773e4..daed3b423124 100644
>>>>>>> --- a/mm/mmap.c
>>>>>>> +++ b/mm/mmap.c
>>>>>>> @@ -2312,7 +2312,7 @@ static void unmap_region(struct mm_struct *mm, struct ma_state *mas,
>>>>>>>     	mas_set(mas, mt_start);
>>>>>>>     	free_pgtables(&tlb, mas, vma, prev ? prev->vm_end : FIRST_USER_ADDRESS,
>>>>>>>     				 next ? next->vm_start : USER_PGTABLES_CEILING,
>>>>>>> -				 mm_wr_locked);
>>>>>>> +				 tree_end, mm_wr_locked);
>>>>>>>     	tlb_finish_mmu(&tlb);
>>>>>>>     }
>>>>>>> @@ -3178,6 +3178,54 @@ int vm_brk(unsigned long addr, unsigned long len)
>>>>>>>     }
>>>>>>>     EXPORT_SYMBOL(vm_brk);
>>>>>>> +void undo_dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma_end)
>>>>>>> +{
>>>>>>> +	unsigned long tree_end;
>>>>>>> +	VMA_ITERATOR(vmi, mm, 0);
>>>>>>> +	struct vm_area_struct *vma;
>>>>>>> +	unsigned long nr_accounted = 0;
>>>>>>> +	int count = 0;
>>>>>>> +
>>>>>>> +	/*
>>>>>>> +	 * vma_end points to the first VMA that has not been duplicated. We need
>>>>>>> +	 * to unmap all VMAs before it.
>>>>>>> +	 * If vma_end is NULL, it means that all VMAs in the maple tree have
>>>>>>> +	 * been duplicated, so setting tree_end to 0 will overflow to ULONG_MAX
>>>>>>> +	 * when using it.
>>>>>>> +	 */
>>>>>>> +	if (vma_end) {
>>>>>>> +		tree_end = vma_end->vm_start;
>>>>>>> +		if (tree_end == 0)
>>>>>>> +			goto destroy;
>>>>>>> +	} else
>>>>>>> +		tree_end = 0;
>>
>> You need to enclose this statement to meet the coding style.  You could
>> just set tree_end = 0 at the start of the function instead, actually I
>> think tree_end = USER_PGTABLES_CEILING unless there is a vma_end.
>>
>>>>>>> +
>>>>>>> +	vma = mas_find(&vmi.mas, tree_end - 1);
>>
>> vma = vma_find(&vmi, tree_end);
>>
>>>>>>> +
>>>>>>> +	if (vma) {
>>
>> Probably would be cleaner to jump to destroy here too:
>> if (!vma)
>> 	goto destroy;
>>
>>>>>>> +		arch_unmap(mm, vma->vm_start, tree_end);
> 
> One more thing, it seems the maple state that is passed into
> unmap_region() needs to point to the _next_ element, or the reset
> doesn't work right between the unmap_vmas() and free_pgtables() call:
> 
> vma_iter_set(&vmi, vma->vm_end);
> 
> 
>>>>>>> +		unmap_region(mm, &vmi.mas, vma, NULL, NULL, 0, tree_end,
>>>>>>> +			     tree_end, true);
>>>>>>
>>>>>> next is vma_end, as per your comment above.  Using next = vma_end allows
>>>>>> you to avoid adding another argument to free_pgtables().
>>>>> Unfortunately, it cannot be done this way. I fell into this trap before,
>>>>> and it caused incomplete page table cleanup. To solve this problem, the
>>>>> only solution I can think of right now is to add an additional
>>>>> parameter.
>>>>>
>>>>> free_pgtables() will be called in unmap_region() to free the page table,
>>>>> like this:
>>>>>
>>>>> free_pgtables(&tlb, mas, vma, prev ? prev->vm_end : FIRST_USER_ADDRESS,
>>>>> 		next ? next->vm_start : USER_PGTABLES_CEILING,
>>>>> 		mm_wr_locked);
>>>>>
>>>>> The problem is with 'next'. Our 'vma_end' does not exist in the actual
>>>>> mmap because it has not been duplicated and cannot be used as 'next'.
>>>>> If there is a real 'next', we can use 'next->vm_start' as the ceiling,
>>>>> which is not a problem. If there is no 'next' (next is 'vma_end'), we
>>>>> can only use 'USER_PGTABLES_CEILING' as the ceiling. Using
>>>>> 'vma_end->vm_start' as the ceiling will cause the page table not to be
>>>>> fully freed, which may be related to alignment in 'free_pgd_range()'. To
>>>>> solve this problem, we have to introduce 'tree_end', and separating
>>>>> 'tree_end' and 'ceiling' can solve this problem.
>>>>
>>>> Can you just use ceiling?  That is, just not pass in next and keep the
>>>> code as-is?  This is how exit_mmap() does it and should avoid any
>>>> alignment issues.  I assume you tried that and something went wrong as
>>>> well?
>>> I tried that, but it didn't work either. In free_pgtables(), the
>>> following line of code is used to iterate over VMAs:
>>> mas_find(mas, ceiling - 1);
>>> If next is passed as NULL, ceiling will be 0, resulting in iterating
>>> over all the VMAs in the maple tree, including the last portion that was
>>> not duplicated.
>>
>> If vma_end is NULL, it means that all VMAs in the maple tree have been
>> duplicated, so shouldn't the correct action in this case be freeing up
>> to ceiling?
Yes, that's correct.
>>
>> If it isn't null, then vma_end->vm_start should work as the end of the
>> area to free.
But there's an issue here. I initially thought the same way, but the
behavior of free_pgtables() is very strange. For the last VMA, it seems
that the ceiling passed to free_pgd_range() must be
USER_PGTABLES_CEILING.

It cannot be used vma_end->vm_start as the ceiling, possibly due to the
peculiar alignment behavior in free_pgd_range().

The code is from free_pgd_range():
	if (ceiling) {
		ceiling &= PMD_MASK;
		if (!ceiling)
			return;
	}
I suspect it is related to this part. The behavior differs when the
ceiling is equal to 0 or non-zero. However, I cannot comprehend all the
details here.

>>
>> With your mas_find(mas, tree_end - 1), then the vma_end will be avoided,
>> but free_pgd_range() will use ceiling anyways:
>>
>> free_pgd_range(tlb, addr, vma->vm_end, floor, next ? next->vm_start : ceiling);
>>
>> Passing in vma_end as next to unmap_region() functions in my testing
>> without adding arguments to free_pgtables().
>>
>> How are you producing the accounting issue you mention above?  Maybe I
>> missed something?
You can apply the patch provided at the bottom, and then use the test
program in Attachment 1 to reproduce the issue.

In dmesg, the kernel will report the following error:
[   14.829561] BUG: non-zero pgtables_bytes on freeing mm: 12288
[   14.832445] BUG: non-zero pgtables_bytes on freeing mm: 12288

diff --git a/kernel/fork.c b/kernel/fork.c
index 5f24f6d68ea4..fcc66acac480 100644
--- a/kernel/fork.c
+++ b/kernel/fork.c
@@ -688,7 +688,11 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct 
mm_struct *mm,

  		vma_start_write(mpnt);
  		if (mpnt->vm_flags & VM_DONTCOPY) {
-			mas_store_gfp(&vmi.mas, NULL, GFP_KERNEL);
+			if (!strcmp(current->comm, "fork_test") && ktime_get_ns() % 2) {
+				vmi.mas.node = MA_ERROR(-ENOMEM);
+			} else {
+				mas_store_gfp(&vmi.mas, NULL, GFP_KERNEL);
+			}

  			/* If failed, undo all completed duplications. */
  			if (unlikely(mas_is_err(&vmi.mas))) {

>>
>>
>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>> +
>>>>>>> +		mas_set(&vmi.mas, vma->vm_end);
>> vma_iter_set(&vmi, vma->vm_end);
>>>>>>> +		do {
>>>>>>> +			if (vma->vm_flags & VM_ACCOUNT)
>>>>>>> +				nr_accounted += vma_pages(vma);
>>>>>>> +			remove_vma(vma, true);
>>>>>>> +			count++;
>>>>>>> +			cond_resched();
>>>>>>> +			vma = mas_find(&vmi.mas, tree_end - 1);
>>>>>>> +		} while (vma != NULL);
>>
>> You can write this as:
>> do { ... } for_each_vma_range(vmi, vma, tree_end);
>>
>>>>>>> +
>>>>>>> +		BUG_ON(count != mm->map_count);
>>>>>>> +
>>>>>>> +		vm_unacct_memory(nr_accounted);
>>>>>>> +	}
>>>>>>> +
>>>>>>> +destroy:
>>>>>>> +	__mt_destroy(&mm->mm_mt);
>>>>>>> +}
>>>>>>> +
>>>>>>>     /* Release all mmaps. */
>>>>>>>     void exit_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm)
>>>>>>>     {
>>>>>>> @@ -3217,7 +3265,7 @@ void exit_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm)
>>>>>>>     	mt_clear_in_rcu(&mm->mm_mt);
>>>>>>>     	mas_set(&mas, vma->vm_end);
>>>>>>>     	free_pgtables(&tlb, &mas, vma, FIRST_USER_ADDRESS,
>>>>>>> -		      USER_PGTABLES_CEILING, true);
>>>>>>> +		      USER_PGTABLES_CEILING, USER_PGTABLES_CEILING, true);
>>>>>>>     	tlb_finish_mmu(&tlb);
>>>>>>>     	/*
>>>>>>> -- 
>>>>>>> 2.20.1
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>
>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>

int main()
{
	int cnt_success = 0, cnt_failure = 0;
	int status;

	void *addr = mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
			  MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
	if (addr == MAP_FAILED) {
		perror("mmap failed");
		exit(1);
	}
	if (mprotect(addr, 4096, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC) == -1) {
		perror("mprotect failed");
		exit(1);
	}
	if (madvise(addr, 4096, MADV_DONTFORK) == -1) {
		perror("madvise failed");
		exit(1);
	}
	printf("VMA created at address %p\n", addr);

	for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
		pid_t pid = fork();
		if (pid == -1) {
			cnt_failure++;
		} else if (pid == 0) {
			exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
		} else {
			cnt_success++;
			wait(&status);
			if (status != 0) {
				fprintf(stderr, "Bad wait status: 0x%x\n",
					status);
				exit(2);
			}
		}
	}

	printf("success:%d failure:%d\n", cnt_success, cnt_failure);
	return 0;
}
  

在 2023/10/7 09:32, Liam R. Howlett 写道:
> * Liam R. Howlett <Liam.Howlett@Oracle.com> [231006 21:11]:
>> * Peng Zhang <zhangpeng.00@bytedance.com> [231005 11:56]:
>>>
>>>
>>> 在 2023/10/5 03:53, Liam R. Howlett 写道:
>>>> * Peng Zhang <zhangpeng.00@bytedance.com> [231004 05:10]:
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> 在 2023/10/4 02:46, Liam R. Howlett 写道:
>>>>>> * Peng Zhang <zhangpeng.00@bytedance.com> [230924 23:58]:
>>>>>>> In dup_mmap(), using __mt_dup() to duplicate the old maple tree and then
>>>>>>> directly replacing the entries of VMAs in the new maple tree can result
>>>>>>> in better performance. __mt_dup() uses DFS pre-order to duplicate the
>>>>>>> maple tree, so it is very efficient. The average time complexity of
>>>>>>> duplicating VMAs is reduced from O(n * log(n)) to O(n). The optimization
>>>>>>> effect is proportional to the number of VMAs.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> I am not confident in the big O calculations here.  Although the addition
>>>>>> of the tree is reduced, adding a VMA still needs to create the nodes
>>>>>> above it - which are a function of n.  How did you get O(n * log(n)) for
>>>>>> the existing fork?
>>>>>>
>>>>>> I would think your new algorithm is n * log(n/16), while the
>>>>>> previous was n * log(n/16) * f(n).  Where f(n) would be something
>>>>>> to do with the decision to split/rebalance in bulk insert mode.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> It's certainly a better algorithm to duplicate trees, but I don't think
>>>>>> it is O(n).  Can you please explain?
>>>>>
>>>>> The following is a non-professional analysis of the algorithm.
>>>>>
>>>>> Let's first analyze the average time complexity of the new algorithm, as
>>>>> it is relatively easy to analyze. The maximum number of branches for
>>>>> internal nodes in a maple tree in allocation mode is 10. However, to
>>>>> simplify the analysis, we will not consider this case and assume that
>>>>> all nodes have a maximum of 16 branches.
>>>>>
>>>>> The new algorithm assumes that there is no case where a VMA with the
>>>>> VM_DONTCOPY flag is deleted. If such a case exists, this analysis cannot
>>>>> be applied.
>>>>>
>>>>> The operations of the new algorithm consist of three parts:
>>>>>
>>>>> 1. DFS traversal of each node in the source tree
>>>>> 2. For each node in the source tree, create a copy and construct a new
>>>>>      node
>>>>> 3. Traverse the new tree using mas_find() and replace each element
>>>>>
>>>>> If there are a total of n elements in the maple tree, we can conclude
>>>>> that there are n/16 leaf nodes. Regarding the second-to-last level, we
>>>>> can conclude that there are n/16^2 nodes. The total number of nodes in
>>>>> the entire tree is given by the sum of n/16 + n/16^2 + n/16^3 + ... + 1.
>>>>> This is a geometric progression with a total of log base 16 of n terms.
>>>>> According to the formula for the sum of a geometric progression, the sum
>>>>> is (n-1)/15. So, this tree has a total of (n-1)/15 nodes and
>>>>> (n-1)/15 - 1 edges.
>>>>>
>>>>> For the operations in the first part of this algorithm, since DFS
>>>>> traverses each edge twice, the time complexity would be
>>>>> 2*((n-1)/15 - 1).
>>>>>
>>>>> For the second part, each operation involves copying a node and making
>>>>> necessary modifications. Therefore, the time complexity is
>>>>> 16*(n-1)/15.
>>>>>
>>>>> For the third part, we use mas_find() to traverse and replace each
>>>>> element, which is essentially similar to the combination of the first
>>>>> and second parts. mas_find() traverses all nodes and within each node,
>>>>> it iterates over all elements and performs replacements. The time
>>>>> complexity of traversing the nodes is 2*((n-1)/15 - 1), and for all
>>>>> nodes, the time complexity of replacing all their elements is
>>>>> 16*(n-1)/15.
>>>>>
>>>>> By ignoring all constant factors, each of the three parts of the
>>>>> algorithm has a time complexity of O(n). Therefore, this new algorithm
>>>>> is O(n).
>>>>
>>>> Thanks for the detailed analysis!  I didn't mean to cause so much work
>>>> with this question.  I wanted to know so that future work could rely on
>>>> this calculation to demonstrate if it is worth implementing without
>>>> going through the effort of coding and benchmarking - after all, this
>>>> commit message will most likely be examined during that process.
>>>>
>>>> I asked because O(n) vs O(n*log(n)) doesn't seem to fit with your
>>>> benchmarking.
>>> It may not be well reflected in the benchmarking of fork() because all
>>> the aforementioned time complexity analysis is related to the part
>>> involving the maple tree, specifically the time complexity of
>>> constructing a new maple tree. However, fork() also includes many other
>>> behaviors.
>>
>> The forking is allocating VMAs, etc but all a 1-1 mapping per VMA so it
>> should be linear, if not near-linear.  There is some setup time involved
>> with the mm struct too, but that should become less as more VMAs are
>> added per fork.
>>
>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> The exact time complexity of the old algorithm is difficult to analyze.
>>>>> I can only provide an upper bound estimation. There are two possible
>>>>> scenarios for each insertion:
>>>>>
>>>>> 1. Appending at the end of a node.
>>>>> 2. Splitting nodes multiple times.
>>>>>
>>>>> For the first scenario, the individual operation has a time complexity
>>>>> of O(1). As for the second scenario, it involves node splitting. The
>>>>> challenge lies in determining which insertions trigger splits and how
>>>>> many splits occur each time, which is difficult to calculate. In the
>>>>> worst-case scenario, each insertion requires splitting the tree's height
>>>>> log(n) times. Assuming every insertion is in the worst-case scenario,
>>>>> the time complexity would be n*log(n). However, not every insertion
>>>>> requires splitting, and the number of splits each time may not
>>>>> necessarily be log(n). Therefore, this is an estimation of the upper
>>>>> bound.
>>>>
>>>> Saying every insert causes a split and adding in n*log(n) is more than
>>>> an over estimation.  At worst there is some n + n/16 * log(n) going on
>>>> there.
>>>>
>>>> During the building of a tree, we are in bulk insert mode.  This favours
>>>> balancing the tree to the left to maximize the number of inserts being
>>>> append operations.  The algorithm inserts as many to the left as we can
>>>> leaving the minimum number on the right.
>>>>
>>>> We also reduce the number of splits by pushing data to the left whenever
>>>> possible, at every level.
>>> Yes, but I don't think pushing data would occur when inserting in
>>> ascending order in bulk mode because the left nodes are all full, while
>>> there are no nodes on the right side. However, I'm not entirely certain
>>> about this since I only briefly looked at the implementation of this
>>> part.
>>
>> They are not full, the right node has enough entries to have a
>> sufficient node, so the left node will have that many spaces for push.
>> mab_calc_split():
>>          if (unlikely((mas->mas_flags & MA_STATE_BULK))) {
>>                  *mid_split = 0;
>>                  split = b_end - mt_min_slots[bn->type];
Oh, thank you.
>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> As the entire maple tree is duplicated using __mt_dup(), if dup_mmap()
>>>>>>> fails, there will be a portion of VMAs that have not been duplicated in
>>>>>>> the maple tree. This makes it impossible to unmap all VMAs in exit_mmap().
>>>>>>> To solve this problem, undo_dup_mmap() is introduced to handle the failure
>>>>>>> of dup_mmap(). I have carefully tested the failure path and so far it
>>>>>>> seems there are no issues.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> There is a "spawn" in byte-unixbench[1], which can be used to test the
>>>>>>> performance of fork(). I modified it slightly to make it work with
>>>>>>> different number of VMAs.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Below are the test results. By default, there are 21 VMAs. The first row
>>>>>>> shows the number of additional VMAs added on top of the default. The last
>>>>>>> two rows show the number of fork() calls per ten seconds. The test results
>>>>>>> were obtained with CPU binding to avoid scheduler load balancing that
>>>>>>> could cause unstable results. There are still some fluctuations in the
>>>>>>> test results, but at least they are better than the original performance.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Increment of VMAs: 0      100     200     400     800     1600    3200    6400
>>>>>>> next-20230921:     112326 75469   54529   34619   20750   11355   6115    3183
>>>>>>> Apply this:        116505 85971   67121   46080   29722   16665   9050    4805
>>>>>>>                       +3.72% +13.92% +23.09% +33.11% +43.24% +46.76% +48.00% +50.96%
>>>>                delta       4179   10502   12592   11461    8972    5310   2935    1622
>>>>
>>>> Looking at this data, it is difficult to see what is going on because
>>>> there is a doubling of the VMAs per fork per column while the count is
>>>> forks per 10 seconds.  So this table is really a logarithmic table with
>>>> increases growing by 10%.  Adding the delta row makes it seem like the
>>>> number are not growing apart as I would expect.
>>>>
>>>> If we normalize this to VMAs per second by dividing the forks by 10,
>>>> then multiplying by the number of VMAs we get this:
>>>>
>>>> VMA Count:           21       121       221       421       821      1621       3221      6421
>>>> log(VMA)           1.32      2.00      2.30      2.60      2.90      3.20       3.36      3.81
>>>> next-20230921: 258349.8  928268.7 1215996.7 1464383.7 1707725.0 1842916.5  1420514.5 2044440.9
>>>> this:          267961.5 1057443.3 1496798.3 1949184.0 2446120.6 2704729.5  2102315.0 3086251.5
>>>> delta            9611.7  129174.6  280801.6  484800.3  738395.6  861813.0   681800.5 1041810.6
>>>>
>>>> The first thing that I noticed was that we hit some dip in the numbers
>>>> at 3221.  I first thought that might be something else running on the
>>>> host machine, but both runs are affected by around the same percent.
>>>>
>>>> Here, we do see the delta growing apart, but peaking in growth around
>>>> 821 VMAs.  Again that 3221 number is out of line.
>>>>
>>>> If we discard 21 and anything above 1621, we still see both lines are
>>>> asymptotic curves.  I would expect that the new algorithm would be more
>>>> linear to represent O(n), but there is certainly a curve when graphed
>>>> with a normalized X-axis.  The older algorithm, O(n*log(n)) should be
>>>> the opposite curve all together, and with a diminishing return, but it
>>>> seems the more elements we have, the more operations we can perform in a
>>>> second.
>>> Thank you for your detailed analysis.
>>>
>>> So, are you expecting the transformed data to be close to a constant
>>> value?
>>
>> I would expect it to increase linearly, but it's a curve.  Also, it
>> seems that both methods are near the identical curve, including the dip
>> at 3221.  I expect the new method to have a different curve, especially
>> at the higher numbers where the fork() overhead is much less, but it
>> seems they both curve asymptotically.  That is, they seen to be the same
>> complexity related to n, but with different constants.

I conducted a test on the quantity of VMAs at an extremely large scale.

old:

VMAs:             21       121     221      421      821      1621     3221     6421
forks/10s:        114156   76512   54409    34390    20138    11234    5999     3102
VMAs * forks/10s: 2397276  9257952 12024389 14478190 16533298 18210314 19322779 19917942
  
VMAs:             12821    25621    51221    102421   204821   409621   819221   1638421
forks/10s:        1600     806      393      172      88       41       21       11
VMAs * forks/10s: 20513600 20650526 20129853 17616412 18024248 16794461 17203641 18022631


new:

VMAs:             21       121      221      421      821      1621     3221     6421
forks/10s:        115523   86424    66484    45040    27462    15247    8435     4552
VMAs * forks/10s: 2425983  10457304 14692964 18961840 22546302 24715387 27169135 29228392
  
VMAs:             12821    25621    51221    102421   204821   409621   819221   1638421
forks/10s:        2446     1253     603      267      132      67       33       17
VMAs * forks/10s: 31360166 32103113 30886263 27346407 27036372 27444607 27034293 27853157

When the quantity of VMAs is sufficiently large, we can disregard the
other overheads of forking. VMAs * forks/10s can be considered as the
number of VMAs that can be duplicated in 10 seconds.

It can be observed that both the old algorithm and the new algorithm
reach a stable number of duplicated VMAs in 10 seconds when the quantity
of VMAs exceeds 6421. The approximate numbers are around 2e7 and 3e7,
respectively. However, after reaching 102,421, both algorithms show some
performance degradation that I cannot explain adequately. It is speculated
that the deterioration may be due to a decrease in memory allocation
performance. Nevertheless, even with the decline, they both converge to a
relatively stable value between 102,421 and 1,638,421.

The new algorithm can be proven to have an O(n) complexity, and the test
data roughly aligns with this theoretical analysis. It is challenging to
analyze the old algorithm theoretically, but based on the test data, it
is also likely to have an O(n) complexity. However, I cannot provide any
formal proof for this claim. So, in the next version, I will correct the
commit log, as nlog(n) may not be correct.
>>
>>> Please note that besides constructing a new maple tree, there are many
>>> other operations in fork(). As the number of VMAs increases, the number
>>> of fork() calls decreases. Therefore, the overall cost spent on other
>>> operations becomes smaller, while the cost spent on duplicating VMAs
>>> increases. That's why this data grows with the increase of VMAs. I
>>> speculate that if the number of VMAs is large enough to neglect the time
>>> spent on other operations in fork(), this data will approach a constant
>>> value.
>>
>> If it were the other parts of fork() causing the non-linear growth, then
>> I would expect 800 -> 1600 to increase to +53% instead of +46%, and if
>> we were hitting the limit of fork affecting the data, then I would
>> expect the delta of VMAs/second to not be so high at the upper 6421 -
>> both algorithms have more room to get more performance at least until
>> 6421 VMAs/fork.
>>
>>>
>>> If we want to achieve the expected curve, I think we should simulate the
>>> process of constructing the maple tree in user space to avoid the impact
>>> of other operations in fork(), just like in the current bench_forking().
>>>>
>>>> Thinking about what is going on here, I cannot come up with a reason
>>>> that there would be a curve to the line at all.  If we took more
>>>> measurements, I would think the samples would be an ever-increasing line
>>>> with variability for some function of 16 - a saw toothed increasing
>>>> line. At least, until an upper limit is reached.  We can see that the
>>>> upper limit was still not achieved at 1621 since 6421 is higher for both
>>>> runs, but a curve is evident on both methods, which suggests something
>>>> else is a significant contributor.
>>>>
>>>> I would think each VMA requires the same amount of work, so a constant.
>>>> The allocations would again, be some function that would linearly
>>>> increase with the existing method over-estimating by a huge number of
>>>> nodes.
>>>>
>>>> I'm not trying to nitpick here, but it is important to be accurate in
>>>> the statements because it may alter choices on how to proceed in
>>>> improving this performance later.  It may be others looking through
>>>> these commit messages to see if something can be improved.
>>> Thank you for pointing that out. I will try to describe it more
>>> accurately in the commit log and see if I can measure the expected curve
>>> in user space.
>>>>
>>>> I also feel like your notes on your algorithm are worth including in the
>>>> commit because it could prove rather valuable if we revisit forking in
>>>> the future.
>>> Do you mean that I should write the analysis of the time complexity of
>>> the new algorithm in the commit log?
>>
>> Yes, I think it's worth capturing.  What do you think?
Okay, I will update it in the commit log.
>>
>>>>
>>>> The more I look at this, the more questions I have that I cannot answer.
>>>> One thing we can see is that the new method is faster in this
>>>> micro-benchmark.
>>> Yes. It should be noted that in the field of computer science, if the
>>> test results don't align with the expected mathematical calculations,
>>> it indicates an error in the calculations. This is because accurate
>>> calculations will always be reflected in the test results. 😂
>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> [1] https://github.com/kdlucas/byte-unixbench/tree/master
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Signed-off-by: Peng Zhang <zhangpeng.00@bytedance.com>
>>>>>>> ---
>>>>>>>     include/linux/mm.h |  1 +
>>>>>>>     kernel/fork.c      | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++----------
>>>>>>>     mm/internal.h      |  3 ++-
>>>>>>>     mm/memory.c        |  7 ++++---
>>>>>>>     mm/mmap.c          | 52 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
>>>>>>>     5 files changed, 80 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> diff --git a/include/linux/mm.h b/include/linux/mm.h
>>>>>>> index 1f1d0d6b8f20..10c59dc7ffaa 100644
>>>>>>> --- a/include/linux/mm.h
>>>>>>> +++ b/include/linux/mm.h
>>>>>>> @@ -3242,6 +3242,7 @@ extern void unlink_file_vma(struct vm_area_struct *);
>>>>>>>     extern struct vm_area_struct *copy_vma(struct vm_area_struct **,
>>>>>>>     	unsigned long addr, unsigned long len, pgoff_t pgoff,
>>>>>>>     	bool *need_rmap_locks);
>>>>>>> +extern void undo_dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma_end);
>>>>>>>     extern void exit_mmap(struct mm_struct *);
>>>>>>>     static inline int check_data_rlimit(unsigned long rlim,
>>>>>>> diff --git a/kernel/fork.c b/kernel/fork.c
>>>>>>> index 7ae36c2e7290..2f3d83e89fe6 100644
>>>>>>> --- a/kernel/fork.c
>>>>>>> +++ b/kernel/fork.c
>>>>>>> @@ -650,7 +650,6 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
>>>>>>>     	int retval;
>>>>>>>     	unsigned long charge = 0;
>>>>>>>     	LIST_HEAD(uf);
>>>>>>> -	VMA_ITERATOR(old_vmi, oldmm, 0);
>>>>>>>     	VMA_ITERATOR(vmi, mm, 0);
>>>>>>>     	uprobe_start_dup_mmap();
>>>>>>> @@ -678,16 +677,25 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
>>>>>>>     		goto out;
>>>>>>>     	khugepaged_fork(mm, oldmm);
>>>>>>> -	retval = vma_iter_bulk_alloc(&vmi, oldmm->map_count);
>>>>>>> -	if (retval)
>>>>>>> +	/* Use __mt_dup() to efficiently build an identical maple tree. */
>>>>>>> +	retval = __mt_dup(&oldmm->mm_mt, &mm->mm_mt, GFP_KERNEL);
>>>>>>> +	if (unlikely(retval))
>>>>>>>     		goto out;
>>>>>>>     	mt_clear_in_rcu(vmi.mas.tree);
>>>>>>> -	for_each_vma(old_vmi, mpnt) {
>>>>>>> +	for_each_vma(vmi, mpnt) {
>>>>>>>     		struct file *file;
>>>>>>>     		vma_start_write(mpnt);
>>>>>>>     		if (mpnt->vm_flags & VM_DONTCOPY) {
>>>>>>> +			mas_store_gfp(&vmi.mas, NULL, GFP_KERNEL);
>>>>>>> +
>>>>>>> +			/* If failed, undo all completed duplications. */
>>>>>>> +			if (unlikely(mas_is_err(&vmi.mas))) {
>>>>>>> +				retval = xa_err(vmi.mas.node);
>>>>>>> +				goto loop_out;
>>>>>>> +			}
>>>>>>> +
>>>>>>>     			vm_stat_account(mm, mpnt->vm_flags, -vma_pages(mpnt));
>>>>>>>     			continue;
>>>>>>>     		}
>>>>>>> @@ -749,9 +757,11 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
>>>>>>>     		if (is_vm_hugetlb_page(tmp))
>>>>>>>     			hugetlb_dup_vma_private(tmp);
>>>>>>> -		/* Link the vma into the MT */
>>>>>>> -		if (vma_iter_bulk_store(&vmi, tmp))
>>>>>>> -			goto fail_nomem_vmi_store;
>>>>>>> +		/*
>>>>>>> +		 * Link the vma into the MT. After using __mt_dup(), memory
>>>>>>> +		 * allocation is not necessary here, so it cannot fail.
>>>>>>> +		 */
>>>>>>> +		mas_store(&vmi.mas, tmp);
>>>>>>>     		mm->map_count++;
>>>>>>>     		if (!(tmp->vm_flags & VM_WIPEONFORK))
>>>>>>> @@ -760,15 +770,19 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
>>>>>>>     		if (tmp->vm_ops && tmp->vm_ops->open)
>>>>>>>     			tmp->vm_ops->open(tmp);
>>>>>>> -		if (retval)
>>>>>>> +		if (retval) {
>>>>>>> +			mpnt = vma_next(&vmi);
>>>>>>>     			goto loop_out;
>>>>>>> +		}
>>>>>>>     	}
>>>>>>>     	/* a new mm has just been created */
>>>>>>>     	retval = arch_dup_mmap(oldmm, mm);
>>>>>>>     loop_out:
>>>>>>>     	vma_iter_free(&vmi);
>>>>>>> -	if (!retval)
>>>>>>> +	if (likely(!retval))
>>>>>>>     		mt_set_in_rcu(vmi.mas.tree);
>>>>>>> +	else
>>>>>>> +		undo_dup_mmap(mm, mpnt);
>>>>>>>     out:
>>>>>>>     	mmap_write_unlock(mm);
>>>>>>>     	flush_tlb_mm(oldmm);
>>>>>>> @@ -778,8 +792,6 @@ static __latent_entropy int dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm,
>>>>>>>     	uprobe_end_dup_mmap();
>>>>>>>     	return retval;
>>>>>>> -fail_nomem_vmi_store:
>>>>>>> -	unlink_anon_vmas(tmp);
>>>>>>>     fail_nomem_anon_vma_fork:
>>>>>>>     	mpol_put(vma_policy(tmp));
>>>>>>>     fail_nomem_policy:
>>>>>>> diff --git a/mm/internal.h b/mm/internal.h
>>>>>>> index 7a961d12b088..288ec81770cb 100644
>>>>>>> --- a/mm/internal.h
>>>>>>> +++ b/mm/internal.h
>>>>>>> @@ -111,7 +111,8 @@ void folio_activate(struct folio *folio);
>>>>>>>     void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
>>>>>>>     		   struct vm_area_struct *start_vma, unsigned long floor,
>>>>>>> -		   unsigned long ceiling, bool mm_wr_locked);
>>>>>>> +		   unsigned long ceiling, unsigned long tree_end,
>>>>>>> +		   bool mm_wr_locked);
>>>>>>>     void pmd_install(struct mm_struct *mm, pmd_t *pmd, pgtable_t *pte);
>>>>>>>     struct zap_details;
>>>>>>> diff --git a/mm/memory.c b/mm/memory.c
>>>>>>> index 983a40f8ee62..1fd66a0d5838 100644
>>>>>>> --- a/mm/memory.c
>>>>>>> +++ b/mm/memory.c
>>>>>>> @@ -362,7 +362,8 @@ void free_pgd_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb,
>>>>>>>     void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
>>>>>>>     		   struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long floor,
>>>>>>> -		   unsigned long ceiling, bool mm_wr_locked)
>>>>>>> +		   unsigned long ceiling, unsigned long tree_end,
>>>>>>> +		   bool mm_wr_locked)
>>>>>>>     {
>>>>>>>     	do {
>>>>>>>     		unsigned long addr = vma->vm_start;
>>>>>>> @@ -372,7 +373,7 @@ void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
>>>>>>>     		 * Note: USER_PGTABLES_CEILING may be passed as ceiling and may
>>>>>>>     		 * be 0.  This will underflow and is okay.
>>>>>>>     		 */
>>>>>>> -		next = mas_find(mas, ceiling - 1);
>>>>>>> +		next = mas_find(mas, tree_end - 1);
>>>>>>>     		/*
>>>>>>>     		 * Hide vma from rmap and truncate_pagecache before freeing
>>>>>>> @@ -393,7 +394,7 @@ void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct ma_state *mas,
>>>>>>>     			while (next && next->vm_start <= vma->vm_end + PMD_SIZE
>>>>>>>     			       && !is_vm_hugetlb_page(next)) {
>>>>>>>     				vma = next;
>>>>>>> -				next = mas_find(mas, ceiling - 1);
>>>>>>> +				next = mas_find(mas, tree_end - 1);
>>>>>>>     				if (mm_wr_locked)
>>>>>>>     					vma_start_write(vma);
>>>>>>>     				unlink_anon_vmas(vma);
>>>>>>> diff --git a/mm/mmap.c b/mm/mmap.c
>>>>>>> index 2ad950f773e4..daed3b423124 100644
>>>>>>> --- a/mm/mmap.c
>>>>>>> +++ b/mm/mmap.c
>>>>>>> @@ -2312,7 +2312,7 @@ static void unmap_region(struct mm_struct *mm, struct ma_state *mas,
>>>>>>>     	mas_set(mas, mt_start);
>>>>>>>     	free_pgtables(&tlb, mas, vma, prev ? prev->vm_end : FIRST_USER_ADDRESS,
>>>>>>>     				 next ? next->vm_start : USER_PGTABLES_CEILING,
>>>>>>> -				 mm_wr_locked);
>>>>>>> +				 tree_end, mm_wr_locked);
>>>>>>>     	tlb_finish_mmu(&tlb);
>>>>>>>     }
>>>>>>> @@ -3178,6 +3178,54 @@ int vm_brk(unsigned long addr, unsigned long len)
>>>>>>>     }
>>>>>>>     EXPORT_SYMBOL(vm_brk);
>>>>>>> +void undo_dup_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma_end)
>>>>>>> +{
>>>>>>> +	unsigned long tree_end;
>>>>>>> +	VMA_ITERATOR(vmi, mm, 0);
>>>>>>> +	struct vm_area_struct *vma;
>>>>>>> +	unsigned long nr_accounted = 0;
>>>>>>> +	int count = 0;
>>>>>>> +
>>>>>>> +	/*
>>>>>>> +	 * vma_end points to the first VMA that has not been duplicated. We need
>>>>>>> +	 * to unmap all VMAs before it.
>>>>>>> +	 * If vma_end is NULL, it means that all VMAs in the maple tree have
>>>>>>> +	 * been duplicated, so setting tree_end to 0 will overflow to ULONG_MAX
>>>>>>> +	 * when using it.
>>>>>>> +	 */
>>>>>>> +	if (vma_end) {
>>>>>>> +		tree_end = vma_end->vm_start;
>>>>>>> +		if (tree_end == 0)
>>>>>>> +			goto destroy;
>>>>>>> +	} else
>>>>>>> +		tree_end = 0;
>>
>> You need to enclose this statement to meet the coding style.  You could
>> just set tree_end = 0 at the start of the function instead, actually I
>> think tree_end = USER_PGTABLES_CEILING unless there is a vma_end.
>>
>>>>>>> +
>>>>>>> +	vma = mas_find(&vmi.mas, tree_end - 1);
>>
>> vma = vma_find(&vmi, tree_end);
>>
>>>>>>> +
>>>>>>> +	if (vma) {
>>
>> Probably would be cleaner to jump to destroy here too:
>> if (!vma)
>> 	goto destroy;
>>
>>>>>>> +		arch_unmap(mm, vma->vm_start, tree_end);
> 
> One more thing, it seems the maple state that is passed into
> unmap_region() needs to point to the _next_ element, or the reset
> doesn't work right between the unmap_vmas() and free_pgtables() call:
> 
> vma_iter_set(&vmi, vma->vm_end);
Thank you, this is indeed an issue, it's surprising that it wasn't
detected during testing.
> 
> 
>>>>>>> +		unmap_region(mm, &vmi.mas, vma, NULL, NULL, 0, tree_end,
>>>>>>> +			     tree_end, true);
>>>>>>
>>>>>> next is vma_end, as per your comment above.  Using next = vma_end allows
>>>>>> you to avoid adding another argument to free_pgtables().
>>>>> Unfortunately, it cannot be done this way. I fell into this trap before,
>>>>> and it caused incomplete page table cleanup. To solve this problem, the
>>>>> only solution I can think of right now is to add an additional
>>>>> parameter.
>>>>>
>>>>> free_pgtables() will be called in unmap_region() to free the page table,
>>>>> like this:
>>>>>
>>>>> free_pgtables(&tlb, mas, vma, prev ? prev->vm_end : FIRST_USER_ADDRESS,
>>>>> 		next ? next->vm_start : USER_PGTABLES_CEILING,
>>>>> 		mm_wr_locked);
>>>>>
>>>>> The problem is with 'next'. Our 'vma_end' does not exist in the actual
>>>>> mmap because it has not been duplicated and cannot be used as 'next'.
>>>>> If there is a real 'next', we can use 'next->vm_start' as the ceiling,
>>>>> which is not a problem. If there is no 'next' (next is 'vma_end'), we
>>>>> can only use 'USER_PGTABLES_CEILING' as the ceiling. Using
>>>>> 'vma_end->vm_start' as the ceiling will cause the page table not to be
>>>>> fully freed, which may be related to alignment in 'free_pgd_range()'. To
>>>>> solve this problem, we have to introduce 'tree_end', and separating
>>>>> 'tree_end' and 'ceiling' can solve this problem.
>>>>
>>>> Can you just use ceiling?  That is, just not pass in next and keep the
>>>> code as-is?  This is how exit_mmap() does it and should avoid any
>>>> alignment issues.  I assume you tried that and something went wrong as
>>>> well?
>>> I tried that, but it didn't work either. In free_pgtables(), the
>>> following line of code is used to iterate over VMAs:
>>> mas_find(mas, ceiling - 1);
>>> If next is passed as NULL, ceiling will be 0, resulting in iterating
>>> over all the VMAs in the maple tree, including the last portion that was
>>> not duplicated.
>>
>> If vma_end is NULL, it means that all VMAs in the maple tree have been
>> duplicated, so shouldn't the correct action in this case be freeing up
>> to ceiling?
>>
>> If it isn't null, then vma_end->vm_start should work as the end of the
>> area to free.
>>
>> With your mas_find(mas, tree_end - 1), then the vma_end will be avoided,
>> but free_pgd_range() will use ceiling anyways:
>>
>> free_pgd_range(tlb, addr, vma->vm_end, floor, next ? next->vm_start : ceiling);
>>
>> Passing in vma_end as next to unmap_region() functions in my testing
>> without adding arguments to free_pgtables().
>>
>> How are you producing the accounting issue you mention above?  Maybe I
>> missed something?
>>
>>
>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>> +
>>>>>>> +		mas_set(&vmi.mas, vma->vm_end);
>> vma_iter_set(&vmi, vma->vm_end);
>>>>>>> +		do {
>>>>>>> +			if (vma->vm_flags & VM_ACCOUNT)
>>>>>>> +				nr_accounted += vma_pages(vma);
>>>>>>> +			remove_vma(vma, true);
>>>>>>> +			count++;
>>>>>>> +			cond_resched();
>>>>>>> +			vma = mas_find(&vmi.mas, tree_end - 1);
>>>>>>> +		} while (vma != NULL);
>>
>> You can write this as:
>> do { ... } for_each_vma_range(vmi, vma, tree_end);
>>
>>>>>>> +
>>>>>>> +		BUG_ON(count != mm->map_count);
>>>>>>> +
>>>>>>> +		vm_unacct_memory(nr_accounted);
>>>>>>> +	}
>>>>>>> +
>>>>>>> +destroy:
>>>>>>> +	__mt_destroy(&mm->mm_mt);
>>>>>>> +}
>>>>>>> +
>>>>>>>     /* Release all mmaps. */
>>>>>>>     void exit_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm)
>>>>>>>     {
>>>>>>> @@ -3217,7 +3265,7 @@ void exit_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm)
>>>>>>>     	mt_clear_in_rcu(&mm->mm_mt);
>>>>>>>     	mas_set(&mas, vma->vm_end);
>>>>>>>     	free_pgtables(&tlb, &mas, vma, FIRST_USER_ADDRESS,
>>>>>>> -		      USER_PGTABLES_CEILING, true);
>>>>>>> +		      USER_PGTABLES_CEILING, USER_PGTABLES_CEILING, true);
>>>>>>>     	tlb_finish_mmu(&tlb);
>>>>>>>     	/*
>>>>>>> -- 
>>>>>>> 2.20.1
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>
>