[2/2] mm: migrate: Try again if THP split is failed due to page refcnt

  When creating a virtual machine, we will use memfd_create() to get
a file descriptor which can be used to create share memory mappings
using the mmap function, meanwhile the mmap() will set the MAP_POPULATE
flag to allocate physical pages for the virtual machine.

When allocating physical pages for the guest, the host can fallback to
allocate some CMA pages for the guest when over half of the zone's free
memory is in the CMA area.

In guest os, when the application wants to do some data transaction with
DMA, our QEMU will call VFIO_IOMMU_MAP_DMA ioctl to do longterm-pin and
create IOMMU mappings for the DMA pages. However, when calling
VFIO_IOMMU_MAP_DMA ioctl to pin the physical pages, we found it will be
failed to longterm-pin sometimes.

After some invetigation, we found the pages used to do DMA mapping can
contain some CMA pages, and these CMA pages will cause a possible
failure of the longterm-pin, due to failed to migrate the CMA pages.
The reason of migration failure may be temporary reference count or
memory allocation failure. So that will cause the VFIO_IOMMU_MAP_DMA
ioctl returns error, which makes the application failed to start.

I observed one migration failure case (which is not easy to reproduce) is
that, the 'thp_migration_fail' count is 1 and the 'thp_split_page_failed'
count is also 1.

That means when migrating a THP which is in CMA area, but can not allocate
a new THP due to memory fragmentation, so it will split the THP. However
THP split is also failed, probably the reason is temporary reference count
of this THP. And the temporary reference count can be caused by dropping
page caches (I observed the drop caches operation in the system), but we
can not drop the shmem page caches due to they are already dirty at that time.

Especially for THP split failure, which is caused by temporary reference
count, we can try again to mitigate the failure of migration in this case
according to previous discussion [1].

[1] https://lore.kernel.org/all/470dc638-a300-f261-94b4-e27250e42f96@redhat.com/
Signed-off-by: Baolin Wang <baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com>
---
 mm/huge_memory.c |  4 ++--
 mm/migrate.c     | 18 +++++++++++++++---
 2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
  

Baolin Wang <baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com> writes:

> When creating a virtual machine, we will use memfd_create() to get
> a file descriptor which can be used to create share memory mappings
> using the mmap function, meanwhile the mmap() will set the MAP_POPULATE
> flag to allocate physical pages for the virtual machine.
>
> When allocating physical pages for the guest, the host can fallback to
> allocate some CMA pages for the guest when over half of the zone's free
> memory is in the CMA area.
>
> In guest os, when the application wants to do some data transaction with
> DMA, our QEMU will call VFIO_IOMMU_MAP_DMA ioctl to do longterm-pin and
> create IOMMU mappings for the DMA pages. However, when calling
> VFIO_IOMMU_MAP_DMA ioctl to pin the physical pages, we found it will be
> failed to longterm-pin sometimes.
>
> After some invetigation, we found the pages used to do DMA mapping can
> contain some CMA pages, and these CMA pages will cause a possible
> failure of the longterm-pin, due to failed to migrate the CMA pages.
> The reason of migration failure may be temporary reference count or
> memory allocation failure. So that will cause the VFIO_IOMMU_MAP_DMA
> ioctl returns error, which makes the application failed to start.
>
> I observed one migration failure case (which is not easy to reproduce) is
> that, the 'thp_migration_fail' count is 1 and the 'thp_split_page_failed'
> count is also 1.
>
> That means when migrating a THP which is in CMA area, but can not allocate
> a new THP due to memory fragmentation, so it will split the THP. However
> THP split is also failed, probably the reason is temporary reference count
> of this THP. And the temporary reference count can be caused by dropping
> page caches (I observed the drop caches operation in the system), but we
> can not drop the shmem page caches due to they are already dirty at that time.
>
> Especially for THP split failure, which is caused by temporary reference
> count, we can try again to mitigate the failure of migration in this case
> according to previous discussion [1].

Does the patch solved your problem?

> [1] https://lore.kernel.org/all/470dc638-a300-f261-94b4-e27250e42f96@redhat.com/
> Signed-off-by: Baolin Wang <baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com>
> ---
>  mm/huge_memory.c |  4 ++--
>  mm/migrate.c     | 18 +++++++++++++++---
>  2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/mm/huge_memory.c b/mm/huge_memory.c
> index ad17c8d..a79f03b 100644
> --- a/mm/huge_memory.c
> +++ b/mm/huge_memory.c
> @@ -2666,7 +2666,7 @@ int split_huge_page_to_list(struct page *page, struct list_head *list)
>  	 * split PMDs
>  	 */
>  	if (!can_split_folio(folio, &extra_pins)) {
> -		ret = -EBUSY;
> +		ret = -EAGAIN;
>  		goto out_unlock;
>  	}
>  
> @@ -2716,7 +2716,7 @@ int split_huge_page_to_list(struct page *page, struct list_head *list)
>  			xas_unlock(&xas);
>  		local_irq_enable();
>  		remap_page(folio, folio_nr_pages(folio));
> -		ret = -EBUSY;
> +		ret = -EAGAIN;
>  	}
>  
>  out_unlock:
> diff --git a/mm/migrate.c b/mm/migrate.c
> index 8e5eb6e..55c7855 100644
> --- a/mm/migrate.c
> +++ b/mm/migrate.c
> @@ -1506,9 +1506,21 @@ int migrate_pages(struct list_head *from, new_page_t get_new_page,
>  				if (is_thp) {
>  					nr_thp_failed++;
>  					/* THP NUMA faulting doesn't split THP to retry. */
> -					if (!nosplit && !try_split_thp(page, &thp_split_pages)) {
> -						nr_thp_split++;
> -						break;
> +					if (!nosplit) {
> +						rc = try_split_thp(page, &thp_split_pages);
> +						if (!rc) {
> +							nr_thp_split++;
> +							break;
> +						} else if (reason == MR_LONGTERM_PIN &&
> +							   rc == -EAGAIN) {

In case reason != MR_LONGTERM_PIN, you change the return value of
migrate_pages().  So you need to use another variable for return value.

> +							/*
> +							 * Try again to split THP to mitigate
> +							 * the failure of longterm pinning.
> +							 */
> +							thp_retry++;
> +							nr_retry_pages += nr_subpages;
> +							break;
> +						}
>  					}
>  				} else if (!no_subpage_counting) {
>  					nr_failed++;

Best Regards,
Huang, Ying
  

On 10/20/2022 4:24 PM, Huang, Ying wrote:
> Baolin Wang <baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com> writes:
> 
>> When creating a virtual machine, we will use memfd_create() to get
>> a file descriptor which can be used to create share memory mappings
>> using the mmap function, meanwhile the mmap() will set the MAP_POPULATE
>> flag to allocate physical pages for the virtual machine.
>>
>> When allocating physical pages for the guest, the host can fallback to
>> allocate some CMA pages for the guest when over half of the zone's free
>> memory is in the CMA area.
>>
>> In guest os, when the application wants to do some data transaction with
>> DMA, our QEMU will call VFIO_IOMMU_MAP_DMA ioctl to do longterm-pin and
>> create IOMMU mappings for the DMA pages. However, when calling
>> VFIO_IOMMU_MAP_DMA ioctl to pin the physical pages, we found it will be
>> failed to longterm-pin sometimes.
>>
>> After some invetigation, we found the pages used to do DMA mapping can
>> contain some CMA pages, and these CMA pages will cause a possible
>> failure of the longterm-pin, due to failed to migrate the CMA pages.
>> The reason of migration failure may be temporary reference count or
>> memory allocation failure. So that will cause the VFIO_IOMMU_MAP_DMA
>> ioctl returns error, which makes the application failed to start.
>>
>> I observed one migration failure case (which is not easy to reproduce) is
>> that, the 'thp_migration_fail' count is 1 and the 'thp_split_page_failed'
>> count is also 1.
>>
>> That means when migrating a THP which is in CMA area, but can not allocate
>> a new THP due to memory fragmentation, so it will split the THP. However
>> THP split is also failed, probably the reason is temporary reference count
>> of this THP. And the temporary reference count can be caused by dropping
>> page caches (I observed the drop caches operation in the system), but we
>> can not drop the shmem page caches due to they are already dirty at that time.
>>
>> Especially for THP split failure, which is caused by temporary reference
>> count, we can try again to mitigate the failure of migration in this case
>> according to previous discussion [1].
> 
> Does the patch solved your problem?

The problem is not easy to reproduce and I will test this patch on our 
products. However I think this is a likely case to fail the migration, 
which need to be addressed to mitigate the failure.

>> [1] https://lore.kernel.org/all/470dc638-a300-f261-94b4-e27250e42f96@redhat.com/
>> Signed-off-by: Baolin Wang <baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com>
>> ---
>>   mm/huge_memory.c |  4 ++--
>>   mm/migrate.c     | 18 +++++++++++++++---
>>   2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
>>
>> diff --git a/mm/huge_memory.c b/mm/huge_memory.c
>> index ad17c8d..a79f03b 100644
>> --- a/mm/huge_memory.c
>> +++ b/mm/huge_memory.c
>> @@ -2666,7 +2666,7 @@ int split_huge_page_to_list(struct page *page, struct list_head *list)
>>   	 * split PMDs
>>   	 */
>>   	if (!can_split_folio(folio, &extra_pins)) {
>> -		ret = -EBUSY;
>> +		ret = -EAGAIN;
>>   		goto out_unlock;
>>   	}
>>   
>> @@ -2716,7 +2716,7 @@ int split_huge_page_to_list(struct page *page, struct list_head *list)
>>   			xas_unlock(&xas);
>>   		local_irq_enable();
>>   		remap_page(folio, folio_nr_pages(folio));
>> -		ret = -EBUSY;
>> +		ret = -EAGAIN;
>>   	}
>>   
>>   out_unlock:
>> diff --git a/mm/migrate.c b/mm/migrate.c
>> index 8e5eb6e..55c7855 100644
>> --- a/mm/migrate.c
>> +++ b/mm/migrate.c
>> @@ -1506,9 +1506,21 @@ int migrate_pages(struct list_head *from, new_page_t get_new_page,
>>   				if (is_thp) {
>>   					nr_thp_failed++;
>>   					/* THP NUMA faulting doesn't split THP to retry. */
>> -					if (!nosplit && !try_split_thp(page, &thp_split_pages)) {
>> -						nr_thp_split++;
>> -						break;
>> +					if (!nosplit) {
>> +						rc = try_split_thp(page, &thp_split_pages);
>> +						if (!rc) {
>> +							nr_thp_split++;
>> +							break;
>> +						} else if (reason == MR_LONGTERM_PIN &&
>> +							   rc == -EAGAIN) {
> 
> In case reason != MR_LONGTERM_PIN, you change the return value of
> migrate_pages().  So you need to use another variable for return value.

Good catch, will fix in next version. Thanks for your comments.
  

On Thu, Oct 20, 2022 at 2:33 AM Baolin Wang
<baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com> wrote:
>
>
>
> On 10/20/2022 4:24 PM, Huang, Ying wrote:
> > Baolin Wang <baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com> writes:
> >
> >> When creating a virtual machine, we will use memfd_create() to get
> >> a file descriptor which can be used to create share memory mappings
> >> using the mmap function, meanwhile the mmap() will set the MAP_POPULATE
> >> flag to allocate physical pages for the virtual machine.
> >>
> >> When allocating physical pages for the guest, the host can fallback to
> >> allocate some CMA pages for the guest when over half of the zone's free
> >> memory is in the CMA area.
> >>
> >> In guest os, when the application wants to do some data transaction with
> >> DMA, our QEMU will call VFIO_IOMMU_MAP_DMA ioctl to do longterm-pin and
> >> create IOMMU mappings for the DMA pages. However, when calling
> >> VFIO_IOMMU_MAP_DMA ioctl to pin the physical pages, we found it will be
> >> failed to longterm-pin sometimes.
> >>
> >> After some invetigation, we found the pages used to do DMA mapping can
> >> contain some CMA pages, and these CMA pages will cause a possible
> >> failure of the longterm-pin, due to failed to migrate the CMA pages.
> >> The reason of migration failure may be temporary reference count or
> >> memory allocation failure. So that will cause the VFIO_IOMMU_MAP_DMA
> >> ioctl returns error, which makes the application failed to start.
> >>
> >> I observed one migration failure case (which is not easy to reproduce) is
> >> that, the 'thp_migration_fail' count is 1 and the 'thp_split_page_failed'
> >> count is also 1.
> >>
> >> That means when migrating a THP which is in CMA area, but can not allocate
> >> a new THP due to memory fragmentation, so it will split the THP. However
> >> THP split is also failed, probably the reason is temporary reference count
> >> of this THP. And the temporary reference count can be caused by dropping
> >> page caches (I observed the drop caches operation in the system), but we
> >> can not drop the shmem page caches due to they are already dirty at that time.
> >>
> >> Especially for THP split failure, which is caused by temporary reference
> >> count, we can try again to mitigate the failure of migration in this case
> >> according to previous discussion [1].
> >
> > Does the patch solved your problem?
>
> The problem is not easy to reproduce and I will test this patch on our
> products. However I think this is a likely case to fail the migration,
> which need to be addressed to mitigate the failure.

You may try to trace all migrations across your fleet (or just pick
some sample machines, this should make data analysis easier) and
filter the migration by reasons, for example, MR_LONGTERM_PIN, then
compare the migration success rate before and after the patch. It
should be a good justification. But it may need some work on data
aggregation, process and analysis, not sure how feasible it is.

>
> >> [1] https://lore.kernel.org/all/470dc638-a300-f261-94b4-e27250e42f96@redhat.com/
> >> Signed-off-by: Baolin Wang <baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com>
> >> ---
> >>   mm/huge_memory.c |  4 ++--
> >>   mm/migrate.c     | 18 +++++++++++++++---
> >>   2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
> >>
> >> diff --git a/mm/huge_memory.c b/mm/huge_memory.c
> >> index ad17c8d..a79f03b 100644
> >> --- a/mm/huge_memory.c
> >> +++ b/mm/huge_memory.c
> >> @@ -2666,7 +2666,7 @@ int split_huge_page_to_list(struct page *page, struct list_head *list)
> >>       * split PMDs
> >>       */
> >>      if (!can_split_folio(folio, &extra_pins)) {
> >> -            ret = -EBUSY;
> >> +            ret = -EAGAIN;
> >>              goto out_unlock;
> >>      }
> >>
> >> @@ -2716,7 +2716,7 @@ int split_huge_page_to_list(struct page *page, struct list_head *list)
> >>                      xas_unlock(&xas);
> >>              local_irq_enable();
> >>              remap_page(folio, folio_nr_pages(folio));
> >> -            ret = -EBUSY;
> >> +            ret = -EAGAIN;
> >>      }
> >>
> >>   out_unlock:
> >> diff --git a/mm/migrate.c b/mm/migrate.c
> >> index 8e5eb6e..55c7855 100644
> >> --- a/mm/migrate.c
> >> +++ b/mm/migrate.c
> >> @@ -1506,9 +1506,21 @@ int migrate_pages(struct list_head *from, new_page_t get_new_page,
> >>                              if (is_thp) {
> >>                                      nr_thp_failed++;
> >>                                      /* THP NUMA faulting doesn't split THP to retry. */
> >> -                                    if (!nosplit && !try_split_thp(page, &thp_split_pages)) {
> >> -                                            nr_thp_split++;
> >> -                                            break;
> >> +                                    if (!nosplit) {
> >> +                                            rc = try_split_thp(page, &thp_split_pages);
> >> +                                            if (!rc) {
> >> +                                                    nr_thp_split++;
> >> +                                                    break;
> >> +                                            } else if (reason == MR_LONGTERM_PIN &&
> >> +                                                       rc == -EAGAIN) {
> >
> > In case reason != MR_LONGTERM_PIN, you change the return value of
> > migrate_pages().  So you need to use another variable for return value.
>
> Good catch, will fix in next version. Thanks for your comments.
  

On 10/21/2022 3:21 AM, Yang Shi wrote:
> On Thu, Oct 20, 2022 at 2:33 AM Baolin Wang
> <baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com> wrote:
>>
>>
>>
>> On 10/20/2022 4:24 PM, Huang, Ying wrote:
>>> Baolin Wang <baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com> writes:
>>>
>>>> When creating a virtual machine, we will use memfd_create() to get
>>>> a file descriptor which can be used to create share memory mappings
>>>> using the mmap function, meanwhile the mmap() will set the MAP_POPULATE
>>>> flag to allocate physical pages for the virtual machine.
>>>>
>>>> When allocating physical pages for the guest, the host can fallback to
>>>> allocate some CMA pages for the guest when over half of the zone's free
>>>> memory is in the CMA area.
>>>>
>>>> In guest os, when the application wants to do some data transaction with
>>>> DMA, our QEMU will call VFIO_IOMMU_MAP_DMA ioctl to do longterm-pin and
>>>> create IOMMU mappings for the DMA pages. However, when calling
>>>> VFIO_IOMMU_MAP_DMA ioctl to pin the physical pages, we found it will be
>>>> failed to longterm-pin sometimes.
>>>>
>>>> After some invetigation, we found the pages used to do DMA mapping can
>>>> contain some CMA pages, and these CMA pages will cause a possible
>>>> failure of the longterm-pin, due to failed to migrate the CMA pages.
>>>> The reason of migration failure may be temporary reference count or
>>>> memory allocation failure. So that will cause the VFIO_IOMMU_MAP_DMA
>>>> ioctl returns error, which makes the application failed to start.
>>>>
>>>> I observed one migration failure case (which is not easy to reproduce) is
>>>> that, the 'thp_migration_fail' count is 1 and the 'thp_split_page_failed'
>>>> count is also 1.
>>>>
>>>> That means when migrating a THP which is in CMA area, but can not allocate
>>>> a new THP due to memory fragmentation, so it will split the THP. However
>>>> THP split is also failed, probably the reason is temporary reference count
>>>> of this THP. And the temporary reference count can be caused by dropping
>>>> page caches (I observed the drop caches operation in the system), but we
>>>> can not drop the shmem page caches due to they are already dirty at that time.
>>>>
>>>> Especially for THP split failure, which is caused by temporary reference
>>>> count, we can try again to mitigate the failure of migration in this case
>>>> according to previous discussion [1].
>>>
>>> Does the patch solved your problem?
>>
>> The problem is not easy to reproduce and I will test this patch on our
>> products. However I think this is a likely case to fail the migration,
>> which need to be addressed to mitigate the failure.
> 
> You may try to trace all migrations across your fleet (or just pick
> some sample machines, this should make data analysis easier) and
> filter the migration by reasons, for example, MR_LONGTERM_PIN, then
> compare the migration success rate before and after the patch. It > should be a good justification. But it may need some work on data
> aggregation, process and analysis, not sure how feasible it is.

IMO the migration of MR_LONGTERM_PIN is very rare in this case, so we 
can obeserve the migraion failure of longterm pin, once obeserved, the 
application will be aborted. However like I said before, the problem is 
not easy to reproduce :(

Anyway we'll test this 2 patches on our products.

>>>> [1] https://lore.kernel.org/all/470dc638-a300-f261-94b4-e27250e42f96@redhat.com/
>>>> Signed-off-by: Baolin Wang <baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com>
>>>> ---
>>>>    mm/huge_memory.c |  4 ++--
>>>>    mm/migrate.c     | 18 +++++++++++++++---
>>>>    2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
>>>>
>>>> diff --git a/mm/huge_memory.c b/mm/huge_memory.c
>>>> index ad17c8d..a79f03b 100644
>>>> --- a/mm/huge_memory.c
>>>> +++ b/mm/huge_memory.c
>>>> @@ -2666,7 +2666,7 @@ int split_huge_page_to_list(struct page *page, struct list_head *list)
>>>>        * split PMDs
>>>>        */
>>>>       if (!can_split_folio(folio, &extra_pins)) {
>>>> -            ret = -EBUSY;
>>>> +            ret = -EAGAIN;
>>>>               goto out_unlock;
>>>>       }
>>>>
>>>> @@ -2716,7 +2716,7 @@ int split_huge_page_to_list(struct page *page, struct list_head *list)
>>>>                       xas_unlock(&xas);
>>>>               local_irq_enable();
>>>>               remap_page(folio, folio_nr_pages(folio));
>>>> -            ret = -EBUSY;
>>>> +            ret = -EAGAIN;
>>>>       }
>>>>
>>>>    out_unlock:
>>>> diff --git a/mm/migrate.c b/mm/migrate.c
>>>> index 8e5eb6e..55c7855 100644
>>>> --- a/mm/migrate.c
>>>> +++ b/mm/migrate.c
>>>> @@ -1506,9 +1506,21 @@ int migrate_pages(struct list_head *from, new_page_t get_new_page,
>>>>                               if (is_thp) {
>>>>                                       nr_thp_failed++;
>>>>                                       /* THP NUMA faulting doesn't split THP to retry. */
>>>> -                                    if (!nosplit && !try_split_thp(page, &thp_split_pages)) {
>>>> -                                            nr_thp_split++;
>>>> -                                            break;
>>>> +                                    if (!nosplit) {
>>>> +                                            rc = try_split_thp(page, &thp_split_pages);
>>>> +                                            if (!rc) {
>>>> +                                                    nr_thp_split++;
>>>> +                                                    break;
>>>> +                                            } else if (reason == MR_LONGTERM_PIN &&
>>>> +                                                       rc == -EAGAIN) {
>>>
>>> In case reason != MR_LONGTERM_PIN, you change the return value of
>>> migrate_pages().  So you need to use another variable for return value.
>>
>> Good catch, will fix in next version. Thanks for your comments.